socialism Flashcards
(9 cards)
human nature
p1: agree-COMMON HUMANITY: marxists believe that we are bound by the knowledge that were all humans and are innately social and cooperative as a result. this leads to the economic model of colective ownership as individuals work together. democratic socialists believed common humanity would lead people toot in socialist govts to pursue objective and third way/sds believed common humanity was seen in the form of payment of taxes which were redistributive. BUT third way is more individualistic and they all disagree on how far we’re social.
p2: disagree-THE STATE: there’s huge disagreements here because marxists believe that the state disortots human nature through being the tool of capitalism and prevents coopertaion so once human nature was achieved it would wither away. however social democrats and democratic socialists both saw the state as vital for achieving socialist policy and enabling human cooperation. whilst some agreement as third way also believe in a limited state, they are based upon entirely different reasons i.e. one completely collective and one individualistic.
p3:disagree-WORKERS CONTROL: marxists believe that in order for human nature to be pursued, workers control was needed to realign societies values. more in favour was Luxembourg who believed humans rational and able to do this. this was the only way that dictatorship would be avoided. webb disagreed believing the working class to be innately intellectually inferior and incapable, as did corssland and middens who also argued it was less efficient. divided to a large extent though some agreement between more traditional and later stands
the state
p1:disagree-ECONOMY: marxists and Luxembourg believe in stateless economy of collective ownership because state enforced capitalism and thus had to be destroyed if communism pursued. webb believed state was vital, as did corssland. however middens agreed in lesser role of the state albeit for different reasons.
p2:disagree-HUMAN NATURE: marxists believe that the inequality capitalism fosters prevents us from cooperating and the state is the tool of capitalism so is the reason our human nature is perverted. webb and corssland believe it is through the state that our collective principles are reached. BUT they all do agree on how human nature under complete capitalism is distorted.
p3:how to remove the state: revolutionary socialists believed this had to be done through violent uprising, luxembourg strikes and marx dialectical change. evolutionary believed that it could be done over time, middens through progressive taxation and free market. BUT very much disagree ion whether state is revolted and of whether capitalism needs to be destroyed along with the state, some believe they are inseparable
society
p1:disagree-SOCIAL CLASS: marxists believe that society is characterised by ones social class and their poistion/class in society alters their human nature due to experience. this class conflict would eventually lead to dialectical change. social democrats disagree and believe that society is more focused on pursuing societal harmony and class dealignment means its less focused on. BUT he does believe class determines experience hence he sought equal education.
p2:agree-HUMAN NATURE/state: Luxemburg believe humans are sociable and cooperative and so would join together for workers strikes an democratic socialists believed they would express this in the form of voting. gideens and corssland believed that payment of taxes reflected societal obligations from common humanity and support of society. BUT middens was more individualistic
p3:disagree-INEQUALITY/economy: marxists and webb believed that inequality was unjust because workers produced the goods but owners exploited their surpluses for profit. workers should be paid on what they produced and thus system of workers control to alleviate the inequality in society. corssland believed that inequality of opportunity was the only bad type, hence mixed economy of hand up not out. giddens believed that inequality aced as incentives so was not unjust.
the economy
p1:disagree-THE STATE: marx and luxemburg believe in a stateless economy because the state and capitalism were isnperabale. it would wither away. crossland and webb believed that the state was essential for a socialist economy though for diff reasons. third way also believed in sateless economy but due to individualism rather than collectivism
p2:fundamentalist v revisionsist. fundamentalists believe capitalism had to be destroyed because it distorted human nature and created inequality to prevent cooperation. they believed that capitalism was exploitative and resources should be distributed based on need. revisionists argued that capitalism had been reformed of its exploitative tendencies and could work for the working class. either through mixed economy or the greater wealth and thus tax yields produced.
p3: disagree-WORKERS CONTROL: marx and luxemburg believe in workers control to relaign objectives and luxemburg takes it further dying just needed to prevent tyranny like that of lenin and the Bolsheviks. other socialist all disagreed believing workers were incapable and webb even claimed the working class to be intellectually inferior. BUT even though some strands agree, there is still lots fo disagreement as to why e.g. marx to realign and lux to prevent tyranny
common humanity
p1:agree-ECONOMY: marxists and webb believe in workers collectively owning the factors of production because they are bound by common humanity and prefer to cooperate and work for collective goals. giddens and corssland believed that the social obligation from common humanity could still be seen through payment of taxes. both agree to help those worse off.
p2:disagree-STATE: marxists and luxemburg believe that the state distorts human nature of common humanity because it fosters competition through the inequality that capitalism (which it supports) causes. webb and corssland believe it is vital in ensuring common humanity is exercised. pole will vote in socialist govts and people will pay taxes for state owned industries.
p3:disagree-SOCIETY:common humanity means that society will join together in mass strikes and overthrow capitalism. according to webb they will vote in socialist govts but all very much to do with society pursuing it due to their recognition of common humanity. however, middens believes that humans have become more individualistic and so are less concerned with others.
collectivism
p1:agree-ECONOMY: marx and luxemburg believed that collectivism would be ensured through a worker controlled economy and collective ownership. people working together for the common good. The mixed economy of crossland was also collective because it was for the groups interests, especially due to redistributive taxes. BUT disagree in the role of the state in this and how far collective ownership should go.
p2:disagree-STATE/HUMAN NATURE: fundamentalists believe that capitalism must be destroyed because competition is not our most productive or preferred state, we prefer to work for the common good instead, particularly due to common humanity. revisionists believe that humans are more individualistic and therefore need some materialistic incentive, common humanity can only go so far, were not completely collective. luxemburg and marx believed that the state had to be destroyed through revolution in order to achieve collectivism because we only thought we dislike working together because the state enforced capitalism. corssland and webb saw the state as vital for collectivism because of the organisation the state.
p3:REVOLUTION-society was colective so would overthrow the state due to joint efforts and goals, through uxembrug’s general strikes and webb by the ballot. however, crossland and giddens believe that it is more indivdualistic with people’s goals differing so these attempts would fail
equality
p1:disagree-WORKERS CONTROL: webb and marx believe that workers control was the best way to ensure equality because it would be aligned with their interests not another tyrannical small party like lenis. therefore equality would mean workers control. webb believed that the inequality could not be resolved through workers control due to intellectual inferiority. resources would be ineffficnetl distributed and equality wouldn’t be achieved
p2: disagree-THE STATE: marxists believed that the state caused inequality because it was the tool of capitalism and had to wither away after revolution. however, crossland and webb believed that the state was essential in ensuring equality through redistribution and thus equality. esp corssland with equality of opportunity through education
p3:disagree-HUMAN NATURE: marxists believe that only through equality can common humanity and our true collective human nature be achieved. this meant collective ownership was needed. however giddens believed that inequality stilll allowed for common humanity and was best for it as it generated the most wealth to be redistributed in taxation.
social class
p1:disagree-ECONOMY: marxists believed that the economy had to be classless to ensure equality and thus fairness so workers would not be exploited. gideens and crossland argued that social classes in the economy acted as incentives which we did need some of and meant most wealth is generated. capitalism had been reformed of its exploitative tendencies so could work in favour of all classes to have equal opportunity due to redistribution.
p2:disagree-SOCIETY:marxists said society was entirely characterised by class which caused unrest and eventually dialectical change. they believed that this class would alter rationality due to life experiences. however middens and corssland believed that class deliagnement had happened amid globalisation and thus mattered less, people were less concerned and stuffed by it.
p3:disagree-HUMAN NATURE: marxists believed that class prevented class consciousness which meant we didn’t;t cooperate and uphold our common humanity. they believed that our social tendencies would only be achieved without class and equal outcomes. we would reach class cocnousness and overthrow the state. giddens and corssland disagreed and instead argued that social class could coexist alongside common humanity, hence a mixed economy showed our concern for others. arguably didn’t even think we were as collective and so common humanity not even distorted.
workers control
p1:HUMAN NATURE: marxists and luxembourg believe that the only way to achieve our common humanity is to realign society’s objectives to the workers and people, hence after would be collective. luxembourg argued it would ensure class consciousness was still achieved.webb believed it would be achieved without workers control as the workers vote in socialist govts who are therefore already aligned with their interests. would allow for mass nationalisation and needed beureaucratic elite. giddens and crossland believed we were less olectivist and so did not need to fulfil this human nature, esp not through inefficient workers control.
p2:EQUALITY: workers control would remove inequality because all workers would redistribute their collectively produced and owned resources equally. everyone would have the same and there would be no exploitation due to owners using surplus for profits. giddens and webb disagree completely because they don’t believe that there needs to be equality of outcome, instead opportunity is good enough as gives everyone same chance to rise or fall but inequality fo outcome is imprint incentive for generating wealth. does so more than colectivism.
p3:EFFICIENCY: marxists and webb believe that it maximises efficiency because humans prefer to work together and this morality boost will allow them to be more productive. webb believed they’re intellectually inferior so much less efficient and giddesn and corssland also believed that less wealth would be generated due to them not understanding how to best distribute resources.
