Socialization Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is socialization?
A process by which people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.
Why is socialization critical?
It is essential for both individuals and the societies in which they live.
Who are the seven researchers that contributed to understanding human development?
- Sigmund Freud
- Erik H. Erikson
- Jean Piaget
- Charles Cooley
- George Herbert Mead
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Carol Gilligan
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What is Erikson’s view on personality development?
Personality continues to change over time and is never finished.
What are Erik H. Erikson’s eight stages of development?
- Infancy: trust vs. mistrust
- Toddlerhood: autonomy vs. doubt and shame
- Preschool: initiative vs. guilt
- Preadolescence: industry vs. inferiority
- Adolescence: gaining identity vs. confusion
- Young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
- Middle adulthood: making a difference vs. self-absorption
- Old age: integrity vs. despair
What is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Cognition is how people think and understand, evolving through stages.
What are the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor stage: sensory contact understanding
- Preoperational stage: use of language and symbols
- Concrete operational stage: perception of causal connections
- Formal operational stage: abstract, critical thinking
What does the looking glass self refer to?
The concept that people’s self-understanding is constructed by their perception of how others view them.
What is George Herbert Mead’s contribution to self-development?
Studied the self as composed of self-awareness and self-image, developed through socialization.
What are the three stages in Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
How do boys and girls differ in moral understanding according to Gilligan?
- Boys: justice perspective, emphasis on rules and laws
- Girls: care and responsibility perspective, considering reasons behind behavior
What is the nature vs. nurture debate in human development?
- Nature: influence of genetic makeup
- Nurture: role of social environment
What do structural-functionalists believe about socialization?
It is essential to society and perpetuates culture.
What is the conflict theorists’ view on socialization?
It reproduces inequality across generations.
What do symbolic-interactionists focus on in socialization?
Face-to-face exchanges and symbolic communication.
What are the main agents of socialization?
- Family
- Peer groups
- School
- Workplace
- Religion
- Government
- Mass Media
What role does family play in socialization?
Family members teach a child what they need to know.
What is the hidden curriculum in schools?
The informal teaching done by schools.
What is resocialization?
The process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned.
What is a total institution?
A setting where people are isolated from society and manipulated by administrative staff.
What are the three characteristics of a total institution according to Erving Goffman?
- Staff supervise all daily life activities
- Environment is standardized
- Formal rules and daily schedules
What are the stages of grief according to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
