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Society Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is the term for the social structure and interactions of a group of people in sociology?

A

Society

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2
Q

How does society differ from the concept of social structure?

A

Society refers to the group of people, while social structure refers to behavior patterns and relationships.

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3
Q

What are the three types of societies discussed?

A

Preindustrial, Industrial, Postindustrial

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4
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of preindustrial societies?

A

Industrial production

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5
Q

What tools did Hunter-Gatherer societies typically use?

A

Simple tools like spears and bows

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6
Q

What is a key characteristic of a Pastoral society?

A

Based on the domestication of animals

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7
Q

What major technological development marked the beginning of Agricultural societies?

A

The plow and crop rotation

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8
Q

What was the defining characteristic of Feudal Societies in the 9th century?

A

Hierarchical power based on land ownership and military support

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9
Q

What does capitalism refer to in terms of economic organization?

A

Individual people and companies own resources used for production

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10
Q

What was a significant development during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Mechanized labor and mass production

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11
Q

How did the Agricultural Revolution impact human settlements?

A

It led to larger, more permanent settlements

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12
Q

What is a key characteristic of Postindustrial Societies?

A

They focus on the production of information and services

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13
Q

Who are the key figures associated with the development of Postindustrial societies?

A

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates

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14
Q

Which of the following concepts did Emile Durkheim develop?

A

Social integration

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15
Q

What is Karl Marx’s theory on society?

A

Society is shaped by the economy, which is divided into base and superstructure.

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16
Q

What is the concept of ‘false consciousness’ in Marx’s theory?

A

The belief that workers’ ideology is in their best interest, even when it is not

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17
Q

How does Max Weber’s theory of rationalization apply to modern society?

A

It argues that modern society should be based on logic and efficiency

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18
Q

What is the concept of ‘role performance’ in sociology?

A

How a person expresses or enacts their role in society

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19
Q

What is impression management, as explained by Erving Goffman?

A

The attempt to manage how others perceive us

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20
Q

What is the ‘looking-glass self’ concept by Charles Cooley?

A

A process of self-reflection based on how we think others perceive us

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21
Q

What is the primary focus of socialization?

A

Understanding societal norms, expectations, and values

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22
Q

Which of the following theorists is associated with the concept of the ‘looking glass self’?

A

Charles Cooley

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23
Q

According to Erik Erikson, which stage of development focuses on developing trust?

A

Infancy

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24
Q

In Jean Piaget’s theory, which stage involves the development of abstract, critical thinking?

A

Formal operational

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25
What does Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development primarily focus on?
How people learn to make decisions about right and wrong
26
Carol Gilligan criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory by suggesting that:
Boys and girls have different ways of understanding morality
27
According to the nature vs. nurture debate, which of the following is related to 'nurture'?
Social environment
28
What do Conflict Theorists believe socialization does?
It reproduces inequality across generations
29
Which of the following is an example of an institutional agent of socialization?
The workplace
30
What is the hidden curriculum in schools?
Social lessons such as teamwork and punctuality
31
Which of the following stages of the life course is characterized by responsibility and commitment?
Adulthood
32
In the stages of grief described by Elizabeth Kübler-Ross, which stage involves accepting the reality of death?
Acceptance
33
What is a 'Total Institution' according to Erving Goffman?
A setting where people are isolated from society and controlled by an administrative staff
34
What does resocialization involve?
Learning new behaviors and values while abandoning old ones
35
Which of the following is NOT an agent of socialization?
Genetic traits
36
According to George Herbert Mead, children develop the concept of the generalized other. What does this refer to?
The expectations of the general society
37
Which of the following is a key characteristic of symbolic-interactionist theories of socialization?
Focusing on face-to-face exchanges and symbolic communication
38
Which of the following is true about socialization in adolescence?
It is a time of identity confusion and social inconsistency
39
Which researcher is associated with the psychosexual stages of development?
Sigmund Freud
40
What role does mass media play in socialization?
It helps individuals learn about both material and nonmaterial culture
41
What is Rationalization?
A belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition.
42
How did Max Weber view capitalism?
He viewed capitalism as entirely rational.
43
Fill in the blank: Cubicles are used to maximize individual workspace in an office, which is _______ but isolating.
[rational]
44
True or False: Societies differ in how people produce things rather than how they think about the world.
False
45
What characterized Feudal Societies in the 9th Century?
A strict hierarchical system of power based on land ownership and protection.
46
What was exchanged in the Feudal system?
Lords placed vassals in charge of land in exchange for military support.
47
What major technological advancement occurred around 3000 BC?
The Agricultural Revolution.
48
What was the basis for agricultural societies?
Farming as a way of life, rotating crops, and reusing waste products as fertilizer.
49
What are Horticultural Societies based around?
The cultivation of plants.
50
What did Pastoral Societies rely on?
The domestication of animals.
51
What is Capitalism?
An economy organized so that the means of production are owned by individual people and companies.
52
What characterized Industrial Societies in the 18th century?
A reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods.
53
What significant invention was created in 1782?
The steam engine by James Watt and Matthew Boulton.
54
What is Alienation in the context of capitalism?
The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness.
55
According to Marx, what are the four ways capitalism alienates workers?
* The act of working * The product of work * Other workers * Human potential
56
What does Karl Marx's concept of 'false consciousness' refer to?
A condition in which a person's beliefs or ideology are not in their best interest.
57
What is Class consciousness?
The awareness of one’s rank in society and recognition by workers of their unity in opposition to capitalism.
58
What did Emile Durkheim believe about society?
Society was greater than the sum of its parts.
59
Define collective conscience.
The communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society.
60
What is Social anomie?
A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.
61
Who are the three thinkers that form the base of modern-day perspectives in sociology?
* Émile Durkheim * Karl Marx * Max Weber
62
What is a Postindustrial Society?
A society based on the production of information and services.
63
What drives the economy of postindustrial societies?
Knowledge.
64
What is habitualization?
The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit.
65
What does the Thomas theorem state?
How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality.
66
What is Impression management?
To present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived.
67
What are the characteristics of Hunter-Gatherer Societies?
* Use of simple tools * Nomadic lifestyle * Social equality * Few formal leaders
68
Define Role performance.
How a person expresses his or her role.
69
What is Master Status?
A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual.
70
Fill in the blank: Ascribed status is the status _______ of an individual’s control.
[outside]
71
What is Role conflict?
A situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash.
72
What are the three types of societies?
* Preindustrial Societies * Industrial Societies * Postindustrial Societies

Sociology (3 decks)

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