Socio Political - Soumya Flashcards
Anarchism
Kautilya, manu - human nature bad - anarchy is matsya nyaya, hobbes (bad coercive authority is better than chaos in their absence) - Iraq after saddam, syria, global warming, drug cartels, terrorism, naxalism in india
Dickinson - absence of law not order
Gandhi - ulti aim of life is swaraj and state doesnt help in that
State divides humanity - no intl peace
Robert paul wolf - state is opposite to indi autonomy - commands duty
Willim godwin - man has no duties towards anyone
Proudhan - liberty is the mother of order
Enlightened anarchy of gandhi -
>man is moral when he acts freely and voluntarily
> indi has a soul but state is a soulless machine
> ideal society = self sufficient, self regulating villages joined as voluntary federation
> Only opposed to absolute sovty if state and oppressive state not state itself
> NON VIOLENT DEMO STATE where social life is self regulated
> demo doesnt lie in the number of people who vote but to the extent in which masses imbibe spirit of non violence and service in society
CONCLUSION : Solution to tyranny is in better political models like demo socialism as in scandinavian
NOAM CHOMSKY - auth needs to prove legitimacy
Marxism
3 laws govern dialectic materialism - unity of opposites, negation, quantitative change to qualitative
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Devt of society is devt of modes of pdcn
Super structure = idealogy, culture, religion, constitution, legal system, state
Criti of eco determinism - deterministic, non eco sources of pwr (varna), not all events eco(partition), history as a testament
Amartya sen - relevance of economic determinism eg ww2, indo c 1962, trade wars based on eco factors
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Surplus value = for pvt prop
Criti - mn roy, max weber (only social & poli slogan)
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‘History of hitherto existing society is history of class struggle’
Class dvsn bcs of property division
Class in itself(based on origin, objve), for itself(based on class consc, subjve)
Why class consc arises - surplus v, conc of industries @ places, pauperization, crisis of capm (under and over pdcn)
‘Capm will collapse under the burden of its own contradictions’
Criti - middle class ignored, main element of society is coop, natlsm more influential (now also), globalsn - new class reln emerged devod and devpng so class struggle irrelevant
Marx - 2
Revln = Overthrowing old mode of pdcn to est new
Why force - capst exploit and earn, interests antagonistic, law of dial mat - after limit revln bound to but cap class artificially stops it hence force
Criti - new probs (reign of terror in french revln), gandhi - revlnry short lived, if used once used in later stages eg China USSR
Incremental better
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Dictatorship
= transition phase b/w capm and c..
Is REAL demo
From each ability to each work
Criti - dictator, mn roy - led to dic of over proletariat
Concsn- no but demand for equality acceptable
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Commu society
Perm bcs no contradiction, state class instru - bcs classless stateless, no marriage family
Criti - utopia, history testament
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State
Class instru by origin(to protect ruling class from ruled clas), nature(coercive insti like jail police bureau), function (pvt prop)
DoP also state but better bcs majority class
Criti - only -ve side of state, utipian
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Religion
Opium, prevents revln, false consc,
Criti - one sided, values imp
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Nationalism
Bourgeois concept, false consc, tries to unite classes = weakens struggle, status quo maintains
Criti - for unity & integration, instability if not
Marx - 3
Alienation
Original nature - coopve, creative, sense of aesthetics but capm makes selfish, non creative
Cause - pvt, over specialisation
Effects- Work becomes burden, vch shud be expression of creativity and contribution to society, voluntrily
Marcuse 1D man
Criti - utopian
Imp as it exists in modified form now - humanitarian aspect of marxism
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Anarchy vs marxism
No state bcs auth vs class instru
Class coop vs
Can support reli vs opposes
Can pvt vs
Can violence vs supports
Marriage fam ok vs no
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Criti - socialist govts not much success bcs leaders not ready to part ways, govt monopoly of media, mono over industries and licensing red tapism, eastern europe 1980s sm collapse, commu china shifted to market socialism, rather than withering away of state collapse of state and return to liberalism observed
Dependency theory - 20th century devpng nations fighting colonialism and neocolonialism
Signi - liberating force for oppressed bolshevik revolution 1917 Communist revolution 1949, prescribing to social systems ensured peoples needs are fulfilled, humanists, real message relevant distortion injurious
Marx - 4
Capitalism characterised by a necessity as opposed to freedom
Only a programme of socialist revolution would accomplish humanities leap from kingdom of necessity that to the kingdom of freedom
Stalinism, maoism emerged - authoritarian socialisms (negve of marxism)
Marxism and socm similarities - against capm, collective ownership, SJ, workers rights, reject exploitation
Evolutionary Socialism
Lenin define socialism as dictatorship of proletariat
Fabian - sydney webb, bernard shaw, ricardian law of rent, not rely totally on working class - permeate middle class, not intdc socialism in one go
How - land and social capital emancipate, disseminate s ideas, uni edu
German social demo - diff method of orgnzng workinhg class into poli party for uni suffrage
Revisionism - working class became less intense, middle class expanded, large areas of industry in small scale pdcn, changes can with demo
Syndicalism - labor unions and cells as the future socialism, class struggle theory, abolition of political state, industrial action as a means to bring change
Guild socialism - functional (parli, doctors etc repre) and industrial democracy (workers parti)
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Criti - skewed impact (Scandinavian vs India), multiple varieties no coherent, reject many tenets of Marxism without alternative, not all based on working class(Fabien on middle class - redistribution to all not just working class), legitimisation of Bourgeoisie state(Accom w/i capm)
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Signi - effective to mitigate rigours of capm - Better than crude capm, live demo, reel enough reflects in the fulfilment of aspirations of common man, as reflected in evolutionary socialism (even China adopted market socialism), Laski Nehru DS, market socialism
Democratic socialism
Socialist goals using democratic means
Tenets - reformative change, non-violent means, class Coopn, state essential role, supports nationalism, no dictatorship of P, poli power, not a reflection of economic, secularism
Essential means under state, moral, intellectual, emotional needs along with material, freedom of thought and expression, free competition, RH Tawney socialistic, values of liberty and equality, are not means rather are ends to achieve a fellowship and a sense of community
Criti - liberals : it’s a kind of collectivism so against freedom of indi, state controlled economy and s-e planning is inefficient, Marxists : it’s a kind of revisionism no originality + self contradictory ( socialist calls with liberal institutions, liberal = class) + capitalism cannot be reformed needs to be abolished.
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Better than Marxism because dictatorship,one-party rule cuz poli lib like freedom to vote, contest, form political associations, become meaningless in dictatorship. Small group grab power = worse form of inequality. breeds totalitarian tendencies and kills ideals of socialism VS DS makes room for demo rights, civic liberties as well as SEP rights , which serve as ideal scheme of justice
Socialism vs comm
Equal share of profit and prop vs absence
Extreme form of soc
Eco sys in various poli vs poli sys
Ability, contrib vs ability, needs
Indi freedom vs commu
Reli freedom vs no religion
Public pvt prop vs no pvt prop
Can be suited to natl needs vs universal
Reformist vs radical
Peaceful means vs violent means
Lenin soc is a step towards com
Socialism is like a hat that changes shape bcs everybody wears it
Indian socm
AND - marx + gandhi + anti imperialist, material + spiritual, new life movt - indian masses not in uniform category + all cat must coop against imperialism, human freedom moral concept realisable only in eco =y
JPN - humanist + marx, lokasangraha, lokniti & lokshakti, partyless demo for sarvodaya, revln in both sub and super structure
Socialism and nationalism
Marx - false conscn
Lenin hoped Russian revln wud herald intl socialist revln
Stalin - in one country
Today socialist states enjoy full sovty china
Socialism and demo
Champions of true demo
Reject lib demo
Marx - capm cant be reformed w/ demo
Milton friedman - soc society cant protect indi freedoms + all eco systems are not compatible w/ all poli systems (capm w/ demo only) + in capm eco dispersed poli concentrated in soc eco poli combined = conc of power & loss of poli freedom
Criti - assumed indi are ultimate contracting parties but really big firms = indi freedom?
DS - laski, rh tawney, jln
Gandhi
CDM - as protest against unjust policy or draw attention to poli reform ; combined ahimsa + satyagraha for CD; only after persuasion & petition failed; in full public view; true objve - change heart of auth; not by any section against public interest
Laski - conscientious objectors ww1
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A division of labour in evitable but class division of society not related to it - 1 type of labour regarded inferior(phy), bread labour compulsory for all, vision of a classless society
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Sarvodaya
Uplift, rise, awakening of all , only few endowed with knowledge Power vs large no. languishing, Ruskins unto this last, spl concern for welfare of the down trodden - talisman, rejects utilitarian - it define good or happiness as balance of pleasure over pain - confined to phy, no scope for moral and spiritual
But mill focused on qualitative differences in pleasures - higher faculties pleasure is superior to mere sensuous pleasure but still no spiritual welfare was concerned
Vs socialism
not merely material but spiritual welfare as well, no support violent revolution or demo propaganda but relies on moral transformation. Change of heart. trustees. no class conflict. moral balance in society between rich and poor.
Socialism maximise production by making labour compulsory and take development vs bread labour to overcome scarcity. Simple tech no universalisation of labour but minimisation of needs
no consumption curbs vs desires must be curbed
Paying equal importance to everyone in society. This calls for redefining the essence of demo procedural and substantive demo nonviolence. Hence is also different from welfare state where the rich are taxed to provide common social services, but in sarvodaya equal dignity to poor and rich instead of heavy taxation, they must offer their surplus wealth willingly
Morality over politics, western civilisation, consumerism, moral decline, model a generation renunciation, conscience duties, Gandhi want greedy person causes harm to nature (SD)
Foeticide
Foeticide - reli, social, tech, economic, culture
General effects - RBVPT : R(ratio)B(bare brances) V(violence) P(polyandry) T(trafficking)
Ethcial - RMKIC (rights, morals & ideals, kant, innocent punished, consti 21)
PCPNDT 2004, medical ethics, csr reducing
Women Land rights
Sdg5, beijing summit - feminisation of poverty bcs dept on men economically
Why prop rights - asset accumulation = presence in other spheres, bargaining power and social agency (decision makers, perception change), economic independence (save 35% more), self confidence, better children, business, DV, change from agri
Mitakshara ❌, dayabhaga ✅
Streedhan right
Indian inheritance act, 1925 - Christian woman rights
HSA 1956 - 2005 equal inheritance rights
FRA 2006 equal to woman
MUSLIM LAW MEN GET TWICE
Awas yojana - in womans name
stamp duty less for the lands regd in name of women in HP, UP etc
Invisiblization, wage gap, lfpr, motherhood penalty, unintended, consequences of maternity benefit 2017, workplace safety, Kamala Devi - Domestic and social parasite, living on husband
3 : Power to(control her life) with ( state, market), within
MFI
COVID women leaders efficient
UK spl envoy- women in conflict resolution studies
Esther dufflo - female police participation
Women Poli parti and crime in india report - report more, record more
Gender sex
Gender is sex after socialisation
Artificial ineq vs natural
Discriminate :
Biological (male dominance, even animals), psychological (rational), historical (women were suppressed, because there was a utility), human nature (wants to dominate, woman wants to be dominated)
Against :
Humans can’t copy animals , slavery was justified in history, anthropologist - differentiation not prominent in some groups as others
Simon - child no opp to explore its essence (existence prior to essence), domestic work and rearing no time to groom personality, personal relations than personal success, shy submissive, colours, not second sex but secondary sex as objects not subjects
To tackle collective reflection and decision making - Beijing programme of action 1992, positive self image, bargaining power, critical thinking, social change via group action Kudumbashree Seva Women movements for citizenship
