Sociocultural Approach KWs

Question 1

Social categorisation

Answer 1

(SIT) Process by which we decide which groups we belong to and which we don’t

Question 2

Social identification

Answer 2

(SIT) When we identify with the group and we modify our behaviour to belong - we identify with the identify most salient to us

Question 3

Social comparison

Answer 3

(SIT) Means of justifying one’s group membership

Question 4

Positive distinctiveness

Answer 4

(SIT) Idea that we seek to achieve self-esteem by positively comparing ourselves to ingroups and outgroups

Question 5

In-group favouritism

Answer 5

(SIT) Where we are more likely to identify with those in our group over others

Question 6

Social cognitive theory

Answer 6

Behaviour is learned from the environment through the processes of modelling and reinforcement

Question 7

Modelling

Answer 7

(SCT) Imitated behaviour if leads to desirable consequences

Question 8

High self-efficacy

Answer 8

(SCT) One’s belief in one’s ability to finish a task.

Question 9

Direct tuition

Answer 9

(SCT) Where children learning from a teacher, parent or other role model through conscious reinforcement of good and negative behaviours (rewards and punishments)

Question 10

Participatory learning

Answer 10

(SCT) Where children participate in learning and then apply the knowledge in new situations

Question 11

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 11

(SCT) A person’s behaviour influenced through others .

Question 11

Conditions needed for social learning to take place (according to Bandura)

Answer 11

Retention
Attention
Motivation
Potential

Question 12

Factors affecting potential for social learning: model’s behaviour…

Answer 12

Contrasts
Like + respected
In-group
Reinforced
Consistent

Question 13

Stereotypes

Answer 13

Schemas that help us understand the world that are given to us socially rather than personal experience. Are general and prone to confirmation bias; can be positive or negative

Question 13

Prejudice

Answer 13

preconceived judgement, opinion or attitude directed towards certain people based on their membership in a particular group.

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

prejudicial behaviour that can result from labelling someone through a stereotype

Question 15

Stereotype threat

Answer 15

occurs when one is in a situation where there is a threat of being judged or treated stereotypically or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype.

Question 16

Illusory correlation

Answer 16

when a relationship between a person and a group is assumed to exist it does not - this can cause prejudice and discrimination

Question 16

Spotlight anxiety

Answer 16

emotional distress caused as a result of stereotype

Question 17

Culture

Answer 17

has many effects on our behaviour, attitudes and cognitive processes especially memory

Question 18

Culture plays a role in the creation of our schema… (what does it affect?)

Answer 18

affects what we remember and how we remember

Question 19

Dimensions

Answer 19

how values of a society affect behaviour. Describes the trends of behaviour in a given culture

Question 20

Individualistic culture

Answer 20

ties between people are loose, people often self-reliant

Question 21

Collectivistic culture

Answer 21

people integrated into strong, cohesive groups + often see themselves as part of the larger ‘whole’ than individual (”I” vs “WE”). Group offers a form of protection and support

Question 22

Enculturation

Answer 22

process of development of personal identity is the learning and maintenance of behaviours and norms of our own culture.

Question 23

What other three KWs from another theory does enculturation include?

Answer 23

Direction tuition - where children learning from a teacher, parent or other role model through conscious reinforcement of good and negative behaviours (rewards and punishments) Social cog theory plays a key part in this development Participatory learning - children engaging in an activity and then transfer that learning to other situations

Question 24

What comfort gives rise to assimilation? And what is the result of lack of these factors?

Answer 24

Resilience, language ability and socioeconomic

Question 24

Gender schemas

Answer 24

developed through enculturation

Question 25

Assimilation (acculturation)

Answer 25

individual abandons original culture and adopts cultural behaviours and values of new culture

Question 26

Integration (acculturation)

Answer 26

interest in adopting the behaviours and values of the new culture while still maintaining original culture

Question 27

Marginalisation (acculturation)

Answer 27

not really possible to maintain one’s original culture but cuz of exclusion or discrimination, not possible to assimilate into new culture (usually applies to refugees).

Question 27

Separation (acculturation)

Answer 27

own culture maintained and minimise contact with new culture

Question 28

Acculturation gaps

Answer 28

Generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within family

Question 29

Acculturative stress

Answer 29

Stressors associated with not fitting into new culture, not being able to adapt, difficulty with language, social relations, etc.

Question 30

Protective factors

Answer 30

Factors that decrease acculturative stress

Question 30

Risk factors

Answer 30

Variables that increase stress and may prevent assimilation or integration

Question 31

Acculturation

Answer 31

Adapting or assimilating to a different culture