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My MCAT decks > Sociology 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Sociology 1 & 2 Flashcards

Terms from class 1 and 2 of Princeton Review Ultimate MCAT Course (115 cards)

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1
Q

3 Ps of Socioeconomic status

A

property, prestige, power

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2
Q

absolute vs relative poverty

A

absolute=inability to access basic necessities. relative=can’t meet an average standard of wealth defined by a society

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3
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Macro level theory supported by Marx and modified by Weber that suggests that society is in a never-ending competition for limited resources like money, land, power, and resources. Zero sum game. Those with the most resources will use their power to take more and suppress the advancement of others. Weber adjusted this to say that there is more than one source of conflict, not just income inequality, and people react differently to inequality.

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4
Q

Internal validity vs External validity

A

Internal: extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention. External: extent to which the result can be generalized to a greater population

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5
Q

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A

as SES increases, health increases

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6
Q

Social condition

A

social determinants of health like availability of food, drug usage, access to quality education, etc

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7
Q

Mixed methods

A

combination of within-subjects/between-subjects experimental design or mix of qualitative/quantitative

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8
Q

cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission

A

cultural diffusion=transfer of elements of culture from one social group to another, leading to cultural similarities. cultural transmission=cultural information is spread across generations

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9
Q

What does the p-value say about the relationship between variables

A

lower p value= stronger relationship

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10
Q

Which sociological theory was Herbert Mead associated with?

A

Herbert Mead

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11
Q

Exchange theory

A

individuals respond to and make decisions based on maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments

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12
Q

Type 1 Error vs Type 2 Error

A

Type 1=false positive, Type 2=false negative. Type 2 is better because type 1 can be very harmful

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13
Q

Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim were major proponents of which major sociological theory?

A

Functionalism

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14
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Micro level theory that suggests that people act towards things based on the meaning they ascribe to objects, events, and behaviors. by Mead

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15
Q

race vs ethnicity

A

physical traits vs cultural

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16
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

Erving Goffman’s theory of symbolic interactionism that states that people choose what kind of image they want to communicate to the people around them, just like how actors project certain personas

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17
Q

three waves of feminism

A
  1. suffrage, womens rights 2. social liberties, pay, reproductive rights 3. intersectionality and diversity of women
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18
Q

aristocracy vs autocracy

A

aristarchies are rules by a small group of people (either elite class or meritous) while autocracies are rules by a single person with absolute power

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19
Q

hegemony

A

coerced acceptance of the values, expectations, and conditions, as determined by the capitalist class. Supports a conflict theorist view that unequal social order is maintained through ideological coercion that creates a societal consensus

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20
Q

Between-subjects vs within-subjects design

A

Between-subjects: comparisons are made between groups of people. Within-subjects compares the same group at different time points all going through the same conditions

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21
Q

When is/what happens during the third/last stage of Mead’s development of the self?

A

Game stage (7+): Children begin to learn/understand the “generalized other” which is the generalized attitude of a large social group towards certain groups/people/roles etc. Begin to play games with rules and understand the social self “me” vs the personal response to that social self “I”

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22
Q

Social constructs

A

anything that appears obvious or natural to the people that accept it but is largely the invention of society

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23
Q

Social reproduction

A

social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next

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24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

the tendency of participants to subconsciously or consciously behave how they are expected to behave, which threatens internal validity

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25
Iron Law of Oligarchy
All forms of organization develop oligarchic tendencies, especially in large/complex groups, where the few come to rule the many
26
reference group
a group that someone identifies with and compares themself to, while they may or may not be a member of the group
27
Mead's "I" vs "me"
the social self="me" vs the personal response to that social self="I". Both merge to form the actual self
28
Looking-Glass Self
theory that the self is shaped by the perception of how others view them as well as their interactions with others
29
McDonaldization
principles of privatized fast food industry (efficiency, profit) dominating other sectors of society
30
Rational choice theory
Individuals make decisions by comparing the costs/benefits devoid of interactions with other people. Based on utilitarianism
31
social epidemiology
the study of social determinants of health and use social concepts to explain health patterns
32
Anomie
Normlessness, minimal moral guidance or social ethic. Mismatch between wider social standards and individuals' standards, contributing to deviancy. Durhkeim suggested that anomie is what causes social dysfunction and failure of the dynamic equilibrium of the whole
33
Reliability (or replicability) vs Validity (or construct validity)
Replicability is if the measure can produce stable and consistent results. Validity is if the tool measures what it is supposed to measure
34
medical model of disease and medicalization
emphasizing physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness and making medical explanations for social problems
35
Functionalism (Structural functionalism)
Macro level theory that suggests that society is like a living organism where the parts contribute to the dynamic equilibrium of the whole by maintaining order, structure and stability.
36
socialization
The dynamic process when an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of society. How constructs are maintained and passed down
37
authoritarian vs totalitarian
authoritarian governments may give the public some individual freedoms just not control over representation while totalitarian governments control all aspects of public and private life
38
Randomized block technique
researchers evaluate where participants fall along the variables they wish to equalize across experimental and control groups and randomly assign individuals from these groups to make sure the groups are evenly distributed
39
flaws of functionalism
too positive, doesn't think about the individuals
40
rational-legal authority vs traditional authority vs charismatic authority
Rational-legal=legal rules and powers derive from a document like the Constitution. Traditional authority=government that derives power from custom, tradition, or accepted practice. Charismatic authority=power from persuation
41
Rationalization of Society
Max Weber's theory that suggests that societies trend towards an increase in efficiency and away from traditional religious standards of spirituality and morality, promoting an increase in impersonal bureaucracies
42
teacher expectancy theory
Teachers form expectations of certain students and act toward that student with that in mind. The students begin to perform in accordance with those expectations
43
Glass escalator vs glass ceiling
escalator=men are fast tracked to advanced positions when entering female work environments, ceiling=barrier for women preventing rising above a certain level in the hierarchy
44
Common/Collective consciousness
Concept proposed by Emile Durkheim that suggests that people in a shared culture come to think in a similar manner due to their shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which all operate to unify society. Cultural links and dynamic equilibrium create this societal solidarity which exerts a strong influence on individual actors.
45
Charles Cooley's 3 stages of self development (symbolic interactionism)
1. we imagine how we appear to others 2. we imagine what others think about us based on their observations 3. we develop feelings about ourselves based on these imagined judgements and behave in ways that confirm these judgements
46
hidden curriculum
the lessons learned in school that are latent functions (unintentional), ie. teacher reinforcing certain lessons that are against what they are teaching
47
Social stratification: caste vs class vs meritocracy
caste=status defined by birth alone, class=status determined by both birth and merit, meritocracy=determined only by merit. Doesn't really exist
48
command economy vs market economy
command=economic decisions are based on a plan of production and the means of production are often public as in socialism. market=economic decisions are based on the market, supply and demand, and the means of production are often private
49
Ecclesia
a dominant religious organization that people are born into and is often integrated into political institutions
50
Malthusian Theory of demographic change
the population will continue to grow until it exceeds the carrying capacity, leading to overpopulation, famine, war, etc "Malthusian catastrophe"
51
Republican governments vs federalist governments vs parliamentary vs presidential
republican=people have all the power, federalist=representative head that shares power with other fringe local governments, parliamentary=executive and legislative branches are interconnected. presidential=organizing branches +head of state
52
When is/what happens during the first stage of Mead's development of the self?
Preparatory phase (0-2): children use symbols and language but only by mimicking those around them
53
authoritarian governments vs democratic governments
Authoritarian governments do not have unelected officials. Democratic governments consist of elected leaders
54
endogamy vs exogamy
endogamy=practice of marrying within a particular group, exogamy=requirement to marry outside a particular group ie. no incest
55
polygyny vs polyandry
polygyny=man married to more than one woman, polyandry=woman married to more than one man
56
Social constructionism
Both macro and micro theory that argues that we actively shape our reality through social interactions
57
Socialism
an economic system in which all means of production are owned by all workers equally
58
Protestant/Puritan work ethic
Hard work for the sake of godliness. Weber said that this was the critical factor for the success of a capitalist society
59
availability vs accessibility
if the resource exists in your area vs if you are able to obtain it
60
Max Weber's characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy
hierarchy, division of labor, neutral/impersonal, written rules and expectations, hiring/promoting based on competence and skills
61
Class struggle
a conflict theory idea that suggests that imbalances in wealth, power, and prestige create a class struggle between those who control the means of production and those who provide labor
62
Talcott Parsons concept of the sick role
Being ill is a type of deviance where society exempts them from normal social roles and doesn't blame the person for their condition and in exchange, the person must fulfill the role obligations of an ill person
63
Demographic transition model
societies move from high birth/high death rates to low birth/low death rates
64
When is/what happens during the second stage of Mead's development of the self?
Play stage (2-6): children learn to play the roles of others via pretend games without rules
65
Sampling bias vs selection bias
sampling bias is if it isn't equally likely for all members of a population to be sampled. Selection bias is a more general category of systemic flaws, including selecting which studies to evaluate in a meta-analysis, which get published, or attrition if participants drop out of the study.
66
Thomas theorem
interpretation of a situation affects the response to that situation
67
Manifest vs Latent Functions
Manifest=intended consequences, Latent=unintended or less recognizable consequences
68
Class Consciousness vs false consciousness
Class consciousness: part of conflict theory that suggests that members of subordinate class are aware that they are being exploited by the wealthy. False consciousness: lack of such awareness, where members of a subordinate class see themselves as individuals, not as part of an exploited group
69
social capital
social networks have benefits
70
OCEAN model of personality
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
71
life course perspective of personality
personality develops based on various cultural, social, structural components of one's life
72
freud's 3 parts of the personality
id: unconscious, avoid pain and seek pleasure ego: logical thinking and planning, attempts to compromise with the other two superego: moral judgement
73
Freud's and Erikson's stages from age 0-1
F: oral, E: trust v mistrust
74
Freud's and Erikson's stages from age 1-3
F: anal, E: autonomy v shame
75
Freud's and Erikson's stages from age 3-6
F: phallic (Oedipus and electra complexes), E: initiative v guilt
76
Freud's and Erikson's stages from age 6-12
F: latency, E: industry v inferiority
77
Freud's and Erikson's stages from age 12+
F: genital, E: identity v role confusion
78
Erikson's stage in young adulthood
intimacy v isolation
79
Erikson's stage in middle age
generativity v stagnation
80
Erikson's stage in old age
integrity v despair
81
Carl Rogers
humanist perspective: human development progresses from undifferentiated to differentiated self-concept. Goal of self-actualization via unconditional positive regard
82
Albert Bandura
social cognitive perspective, observational learning, personality is a result of behavior, how we think about behavior, and environment. Bobo doll experiment with aggression and observational learning
83
trait perspective
personality is a result of traits that are relatively stable over time
84
Hans Eysenck
Trait perspective + genetics, genetic differences determine different personality traits. Trait perspective describes the traits but GENETICS explains them
85
Drive reduction theory
aroused state leads someone to address the need which then decreases arousal
86
James-Lange Theory of emotion
physiological response to stimulus causes the emotion
87
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
stimulus simultaneously causes the physiological and emotional responses.
88
Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion
emotion is determined by arousal and the context/interpretation of the stimulus. Cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal determines the emotion
89
opponent-process theory
0 sum game between opposite pairs of emotions
90
cognitive appraisal of stress
primary response: initial evaluation of stressor and threat | secondary response: evaluation of our ability to cope with the stressor
91
HPA Axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone, pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenal gland releases cortisol. Cortisol causes stress reaction and does negative feedback on corticotropin releasing hormone
92
general adaptation syndrome
body builds resistance to stress as stimulus continues but eventually becomes exhausted and resistance is depleted
93
social support hypothesis: Buffering hypothesis
social support serves a protective barrier that puts psychological distance between a person and a stressor
94
social support hypothesis: Direct Effects hypothesis
social support increases health and wellness and allows people to better manage stress
95
principle of aggregation
attitudes are better at predicting general patterns of behavior than specific behaviors. Just because someone has an attitude about something generally doesn't mean they won't do it occasionally.
96
attachment theory
parent-child relationships strongly influence the child's attitude about the self and the world.
97
source traits vs surface traits
source traits=stable across situations, surface traits=dependent on context
98
spaced repetition
reduces forgetting and allows for long-term retention
99
priming
memory aid that only works in the presence of that aid
100
source monitoring
knowing the source of where a memory came from
101
Yerkes-Dodson law
optimal level of emotional arousal
102
what biological causes are associated with Alzheimer's disease
amyloid plaques (protein clumps outside cells) and neurofibrillary tangles (protein clumps inside cell)
103
what biological causes are associated with Parkinson's disease
dying of dopaminergenic neurons, decreased dopamine, and abnormal aggregates of Lewy body proteins inside neurons
104
monoamine hypothesis of depression
depression is a result of deplention of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in CNS
105
Bipolar I vs bipolar II
bipolar 1 has more intense manic episodes than bipolar 2
106
positive vs negative symptoms
positive symptoms=presence of new things vs negative symptoms=absence of normal functioning
107
Clusters A, B, and C of personality disorders
A: schizophrenic-like symptoms, B: dramatic and erratic symptoms, C: anxiety/OCD related behaviors
108
brain waves involved in normal awake relaxed consciousness
alpha
109
brain waves involved in high alertness
beta
110
brain waves involved in Stage 1 of sleep and meditation
theta
111
brain waves involved in deep sleep (stage 3-4)
delta
112
physiological indicators of circadian rhythms
melatonin (by pineal gland), body temperature, serum cortisol levels
113
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a part of the hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythm via melatonin production, sleep, and body temp. Affects the adrenal cortex which releases cortisol
114
conjunction fallacy (Linda problem)
people are more likely to assume a higher probability of two things rather than one, based off of a description of a person. For example, which is more probable? Linda is a lawyer or linda is a lawyer and an activist? After reading a passage about linda's personality, people choose the second one even though it is incorrect
115
Conversion disorder vs somatic symptom disorder
conversion disorder=converts anxiety into physical symptoms. somatic symptom disorder=excessive worrying/anxiety about your symptoms

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