Sociology Flashcards
Exam 2 Study Guide (30 cards)
6 Elements of Ideal-type Bureaucracies
1) Division of labor and specialization
2) Hierarchy of Authority
3) Preservation of Documents
4) Thorough and Expert Training
5) Full working Capacity
6) Follows General Rules
Culture as a Product of Action
every culture has problems to be solved, solutions are created by humans
Culture as a conditioning element as further action
once a problem is solved in a satisfactory way, people stock with that solution. culture puts us all in the same rut
Symbol
is anything that represents something else to more than one person.
language
an organized set of symbols that stand for meaning; spoken out written word and gestures and rules such as grammar and syntax.
norms
rules about behavior
folkways
represent casual norms; violations are not taken seriously, i.e. riding in an elevator you don’t engage in contact or conversation. consequence would be eye rolling, dirty look or disapproving comments.
mores
anything but casual, reflects important rules such as: norms against unjustified assaults on other persons.
taboos
there are norms that are so deeply held that even the thought of violating then upsets people, i.e. eating human flesh in the U.S.
values
general or abstracted ideas about what is good and desirable, as opposed to what is bad and undesirable in society.
formal sanctions
official responses from specific organizations within society, such as the government, universities, or churches
informal sanctions
come from the individuals in social groups such as: being laughed at, or made to feel humiliated
negative sanction
violation of a norm, you can expect a certain type of response from others
positive sanction
if behavior is in keeping with in the norm and or it goes beyond expectations
The “ME”
self as object
is that part of the self that is based in how one sees others as seeing one self. putting your self in another’s shoes
The “I”
self as subject
is the part of you that is uniquely you- your personal reactions to the situation. visceral gut reaction
Capitalism
the pursuit of profit and forever renewed profit by means of continuous, rational, capitalistic enterprise. “forever renewed profit” doomed if extinct by not taking advantage
Socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people learn about their human potential
The Looking-Glass Self
1st- We imagine how we appear to those around us
2nd-We (perceive) interpret others’reactions
3rd-We develop a self concept: pride, respect, or shame
Social Self
a relatively organized complex attitude, belief, value and behavior associated with an individual. a distinct identity that sets us apart from others with personality, characteristics..
play
imitation, begin to appreciate perspectives of others, building a sense of themselves. role taking.
games
rules, formal play, specific rules and behaviors socketed with roles and to know them and follow them
Generalized others
attitude of the whole community; recognition that others have roles to fulfill within society
Freud and Personality
basic human needs. Eros-“life instinct” and Thanotos-“death instinct”
