SOCIOLOGY PAPER 2 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Factors affecting choice of research topic
A
Relationship between sociology & social policy, Current debates in academic world, Interest & values of researcher, Funding, Access to research subjects
2
Q
Aim
A
Broad statement of intended research
3
Q
Objective
A
Specific and measurable steps
4
Q
Research question
A
Specific question the researcher aims to answer
5
Q
Operationalisation
A
Defining something and making it measurable
6
Q
Pilot study
A
Small scale study done before main study. Done to find any potential problems
7
Q
Target population
A
Group you wish to explain
8
Q
Sampling frame
A
List of EVERYONE in target population (not always possible)
9
Q
Sample
A
The small subgroup from within the target population that the researcher actually studies
10
Q
Random sampling
A
Everyone in the target population has an equal chance at taking part
11
Q
Systematic sampling
A
Choosing every nth person from a sampling frame
12
Q
Stratified sampling
A
Dividing the research population into different sampling frames and people are sampled from each frame
13
Q
Quota sampling
A
Researcher chooses how many participants from each category
14
Q
Snowball sampling
A
One participant recruits another - this continues
15
Q
Purposive sampling
A
Researchers choose individuals that fit the nature of their research - choosing particular group / place
16
Q
Opportunity sampling
A
Going to a specific place and using the participants present
17
Q
Volunteer sampling
A
Getting participants to volunteer to take part
18
Q
Qualitative data
A
Textual information
19
Q
Quantitative data
A
Numerical data
20
Q
Validity
A
True and honest insight - accuracy - detail
21
Q
Reliability
A
Consistency - can it be replicated
22
Q
Generalisability
A
Applying the results to people not in the original study
23
Q
Representativeness
A
Reflecting all subgroups in the target population
24
Q
Primary data
A
Collected by the researcher, for that specific research
25
Secondary data
Collected by another person and / or not collected for that specific research
26
Hawthorne effect
Changing behaviour when you are being OBSERVED
27
Confirmation bias
Interpreting information to confirm prior beliefs
28
Interpretation bias
Interpreting data in a way the participant did not intend
29
Rapport
Ease of relationship between people
30
Positivist
Quantitative data, value free, objective, patterns and trends, reliability, generalisability
31
Interpretivist
Qualitative data, subjective, verstehen, validity, meanings and experiences
32
Practical considerations
Time, cost, access to sample, size of sample
33
Ethical considerations
Confidentiality, privacy, anonymity, right to withdraw, avoiding harm, protecting vulnerable groups, informed consent, ensuring legality, safeguarding
34
Content analysis
Looking for the number of times a sign, symbol, word, picture, stereotype is used within a media text
35
Questionnaire
List of question to self-complete (usually closed questions)
36
Structured Interviews
Researcher reads a set list of questions
37
Semi-structured Interviews
Researcher has some set questions but are able to ask extra questions
38
Unstructured Interviews
Researcher has some set themes but no set questions
39
Focus Groups
Unstructured interview - group given a theme to discuss
40
Overt Observation
Participants know they are being observed
41
Covert Observation
Participants do not know they are being observed
42
Participant Observation
Researchers are part of the group that are being studied
43
Non-Participant Observations
Researchers set themselves up so they are not part of the group being studied
44
Ethnography
Researcher immerses themselves in the natural setting of the group being studied
45
Statistics
Numerical data - official comes from the government, non-official comes from anywhere else
46
Longitudinal Studies
Collecting data on a set of participants at least twice
47
Triangulation
The use of more than one method - normally to check validity of data
48
Methodological Pluralism
Using multiple methods - to get a fuller more detailed view of the topic
49
Reflexivity
Used by Interpretivists, researcher reflects on their work - look at how they may have biased results
50
Respondent Validation
Participants check results to make sure they accurately reflect their viewpoint
51
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Mac an Ghaill
Deindustrialisation, crisis of masculinity
52
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Willis
Lads follow in fathers footsteps
53
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Inequality Briefing
Richest 20% own 60% UK wealth
54
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Bourdieu
Hidden curriculum, cultural capital
55
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Jackson
Ladettes, anti-school subculture / attitudes
56
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - The Department for Education
Attainment 8 score:
Free school meals 34.4
Non free school meals 48.3
57
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Price (2014)
Poverty Porn
58
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Jones
Chavtainment
59
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Milliband
Opium of the people
60
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Walmsley et al
41% prisoners lowest class vs. 19% general population
61
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Coles
More likely to commit crime if poor
62
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Class Inequality - Harding
Street Casino, earn street capital
63
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Laura Bates
MP’s men vs women - 4:1. 18/108 High court judges female
64
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Adkins
Horizontal & vertical segregation
65
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - The Financial Times (2018)
Gender pay gap: man and women worked same job for a year - woman would work for free for a approx a month (from 30th Nov)
66
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Skelton
Hidden curriculum
67
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Kelly
Science is a boys subject; textbooks, classroom
68
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Colley
Gender subject choice; perception of gender roles, subject preferences, learning environment
69
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Ferguson
Cult of femininity
70
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Tuchman
Symbolic annihilation
71
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Mulvey
Male gaze
72
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Harding
Street casino - girls were fixers (hide weapons and drugs) used by men
73
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Laura Bates
2 women a week killed by current or ex partned
74
SECTION B - INEQUALITY
Evidence of Female Inequality - Leonard
Female criminals treated as doubly deviant
75
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Farrell
Glass cellar
76
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Dermott
Men work longer hours
77
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Benatar
The Second Sexism - men do least desirable and most dangerous jobs
78
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Willis
Lads - anti-school subcultures
79
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Mitsos and Browne
Teachers too lenient on laddish boys
80
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Department for Education
Around 71% of girls achieved 4 or higher in GCSE’s vs. around 62% of boys
81
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Sewell
Hypermasculine role models in the media
82
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Easthorpe
Male role models in media - strong, aggressive, violent
83
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - REACH Media Monitoring Project
Young black males in the news linked to violent crime, knives or gangs
84
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Messerschmidt
Gangs allow men to ‘do masculinity;
85
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Campbell
Men denied masculinity through academic success / breadwinner status - turn to crime
86
SECTION B - INEQUALITY Evidence of Male Inequality - Faludi
Males ‘perform masculinity’ - leads to crime
87
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Wood et al
Job applications; ethnic minority surnames apply 16 times before success vs. 9 times for white surnames
88
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Gov.uk
75% population are employed - 55% for Pakistani & Bangladeshi
89
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Parkin
Negatively privileged status group
90
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - DfE Statistics (2019)
Attainment 8 score; Chinese - 64.2, Indian - 56.3, White British - 46.1, Black Caribbean - 39.6
91
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Mirza
African Caribbean girls faced institutional racism and labelling from teachers
92
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Gillborn
African Caribbean boys faced institutional racism at school - lower tier exams
93
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Alexander
Myth of the Asian gang
94
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Children Now
In video games; 85% heroes white, 8/10 sports characters were black
95
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Van Dijk
Negative stereotypes of black people; criminal, abnormal, a threat, dependent, a threat
96
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - The Lammy Report
40% young people in custody are from black and ethnic minority backgrounds
97
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Hood
Black men more likely that white men to get prison sentences
98
SECTION B - Evidence of Ethnic Inequality - Social Trends Survey
Black people 7x more likely to be stopped and searched
99
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Ritzer
McJobs - zero hour contracts
100
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - BBC three
Under 25s treated more harshly by the benefits system
101
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - The Equality Trust
Young people experience increasing rental costs, difficulty buying a house
102
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Youngpeopleshealth.org.uk
75% of mental health issues begin before 24
103
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - The Guardian
Young people having to be carers will increase in the next 10 years - unpaid
104
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Cheung, Hagell and Shah,
Long-term health conditions usually begin in childhood
105
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Cohen
Youths negatively labelled in the media - mods and rockers
106
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Griffin
Deviant, dysfunctional, suffering a deficit
107
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Women in Journalism
Newspapers; use negative language for teenage boys (thugs, hoodies), focus on teens and crime, few presented teenagers in a good light (links to sport, entertainment)
108
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Jacobson
Of young people in custody; ¾ have absent fathers, ½ live in deprived household, ½ ran away from care
109
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Harding
Street casino - young people in London who face deprivation
110
SECTION B - Evidence of Youth Inequality - Youth Endowment
Fund
Almost half of teens had been a victim / witnessed violence in the last year
111
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Johnson
Institutional ageism in the workplace
112
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - The National Pensioners Convention
1 in 5 older people life in poverty
113
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Barron and Norris
Elderly in secondary labour market
114
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Greengross
NHS guilty of institutional ageism
115
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - The Royal College of Surgeons and Age UK
Older people being denied needed surgery in some places (breast cancer, bowel cancer)
116
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Human Rights Watch
Some older people being denied / having reduced care services that they need.
117
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Landis
Stereotypes of older people; grumpy old man, feisty old woman, depressed / lonely, busybody, sickly old person.
118
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Carrigan and Szmigin
Adverts show older people as smelly and incontinent
119
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Digital generation gap
Older people use technology less - causes problems with health care, employment, banking
120
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Financial Times
Number of over 60’s in prison has doubled in the last 10 years
121
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - Age UK
Financial loss from scams twice as much for elderly than young people
122
SECTION B - Evidence of Elderly Inequality - BBC
For elderly victims of crime safeguarding referrals not being made when they should in roughly half of cases
