Sociology Test #2

Question 1

the process of learning and internalizing values, norms, and beliefs of our social group

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

define the two-fold process to socialization

Answer 2

1. society, culture, or a group teaches individuals to become functioning members of society
2. the process by which individuals learn to internalize the values and norms of the group.

Question 3

the individual’s conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals

Answer 3

self

Question 4

the notion that the self develops through our perception of other’s evaluations and appraisals of us

Answer 4

“The Looking Glass Self” - Theories about self

Question 5

3 Steps to “The Looking Glass Shelf” (The Self-Charles Horton Cooley)

Answer 5

1. We imagine how we look to others
2. We imagine other people’s judgment of us
3. We experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other people’s judgments

Question 6

He expanded on the concept of the looking glass self.

This laid the groundwork for Symbolic Interactionist Theory.

Answer 6

George Herbert Mead

Question 7

Mead thought that the self was:

Answer 7

1. created through social interaction
   - our personalities arise from groups we interact with
2. started in childhood
   - children develop a sense of self as soon as they acquire language

Question 8

3 stages in which the self develops according to Mead:

Answer 8

1. preparatory stage
   - have no sense of self, so they mimic others around them
2. play stage
   - children pretend to play a role of a significant other
   - significant other –> the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes
3. game stage
   - as children age, they begin to take part in games
   - learn the concept of the generalized other –> the perspectives and expectations of a network of others that a child learns and takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior.

Question 9

the idea that we experience the self as both subject and object

Answer 9

the dual nature of the self

Question 10

the experience of a spontaneous, active and creative part of ourselves

Answer 10

subject “I”

Question 11

the part of ourselves that is constrained by social norms

Answer 11

object “me”

- this part is affected by the significant other and the generalized other

Question 12

an agreement with others about what is going on

Answer 12

situation

Question 13

how to get a definition of the situation

Answer 13

expressions of behavior

Question 14

small actions that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others

Answer 14

expressions of behaviors

Question 15

2 types of expressions of behavior

Answer 15

1. Expressions given –> expressions that are intentional and usually verbal
2. Expressions given off –> observable expressions that are either intended or unintended, usually nonverbal.

Question 16

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation

Answer 16

impressions management

Question 17

social life is like a theatrical performance

Answer 17

dramaturgy

Question 18

the setting

Answer 18

front

Question 19

appearance, manner, and style of dress

Answer 19

personal front

Question 20

the context or setting in which the performance takes place

Answer 20

region

Question 21

the part of the self you do not see

Answer 21

backstage

Question 22

the representational self

Answer 22

frontstage

Question 23

our selves are shaped by ____

Answer 23

society

Question 24

the forces that shape our selves are know as ____

Answer 24

agents of socialization

Question 25

provide structured situations in which socialization takes place

Answer 25

agents of socialization

Question 26

examples of agents of socialization

Answer 26

family - the most important schools the media peers

Question 27

the positions in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

Answer 27

status

Question 28

a status you are born with

Answer 28

ascribed status

Question 29

a status you earn or is imposed by others

Answer 29

achieved status

Question 30

a status that seems to override all others

Answer 30

master status

Question 31

judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people

Answer 31

stereotyping

Question 32

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status

Answer 32

role

Question 33

experienced when we occupy two or more different roles with contradictory expectations

Answer 33

role conflict

Question 34

the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role example: having multiple exams on the same day & motherhood

Answer 34

role strain

Question 35

the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy

Answer 35

role exit

Question 36

a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with one another

Answer 36

group

Question 37

types of groups:

Answer 37

primary group & secondary group

Question 38

the people who are most important to our sense of self

Answer 38

primary group

Question 39

what are primary groups characterized by?

Answer 39

face to face interaction High levels of cooperation Intense feelings of belonging

Question 40

larger and less intimate than primary groups; membership is organized around a specific goal and are often temporary

Answer 40

secondary group

Question 41

the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals

Answer 41

group dynamics

Question 42

a two person social group | unstable because if one person leaves, there is no group

Answer 42

dyad

Question 43

a three person social group | the point at which inequality enters the picture

Answer 43

triad

Question 44

a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty towards

Answer 44

in-group

Question 45

any group that an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility towards

Answer 45

out-group

Question 46

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

Answer 46

reference group

Question 47

what did the creator of "twenty statements" test find?

Answer 47

most Americans give C-mode responses, which shows that Americans are more individualistic

Question 48

the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

Answer 48

group cohesion

Question 49

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a very high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

Answer 49

groupthink

Question 50

members of the group who ensure unanimous agreement among the group; they punish those who threaten the consensus of the group

Answer 50

mind guards

Question 51

adhering to the beliefs and norms of the group

Answer 51

conformity

Question 52

the ability to control the actions of others

Answer 52

power

Question 53

2 types of power

Answer 53

1. coercive power– power backed by the threat of force | 2. influential power– power that is supported by persuasion

Question 54

the legitimate right to wield power

Answer 54

authority

Question 55

3 types of authority:

Answer 55

1. traditional authority 2. charismatic authority 3. legal-rational authority

Question 56

based on custom, birthright, or divine right

Answer 56

traditional authority

Question 57

based on the perception of the remarkable personal qualities in the leader

Answer 57

charismatic authority

Question 58

authority based on laws, rules and procedures, not in the heredity of the person or personality of the individual leader

Answer 58

legal-rational authority

Question 59

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

Answer 59

deviance

Question 60

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by the participants who collectively agree that it exists

Answer 60

social construction

Question 61

what is considered deviant and not deviant is _____

Answer 61

social constructed

Question 62

deviance can be a __, ___. or ___

Answer 62

trait, behavior, or belief

Question 63

people usually do something to be considered ___

Answer 63

deviant

Question 64

people are sometimes considered ___ because of appearance, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation

Answer 64

deviant

Question 65

perceptions of deviance change is based on _______

Answer 65

who is committing the deviant act

Question 66

the society's reaction to a behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant

Answer 66

labeling theory

Question 67

acts are more likely to be considered deviant if ____

Answer 67

minorities are associated with the act

Question 68

a violation of societal norms and ruled for which punishment is specified by law

Answer 68

crime

Question 69

crime victimization isn't random. there are trends by ___, ___, ____, and ____

Answer 69

race, sex, age, and social class

Question 70

__ are more likely than __ to be crime victims

Answer 70

men, women

Question 71

half of all homicide victims are ___

Answer 71

black men

Question 72

most crime victims are younger than ___

Answer 72

25

Question 73

____ households experience higher victimization rates

Answer 73

lower income

Question 74

28% of those arrested were ages ___

Answer 74

15-21

Question 75

75% of people arrested were ___

Answer 75

men

Question 76

69% of people arrested were

Answer 76

___

Question 77

68% of prisoners do not have a ____

Answer 77

high school diploma