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sociology unit 2 all vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

A

achieved status

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2
Q

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

A

agricultural societies

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3
Q

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

A

alienation

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4
Q

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

A

anomie

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5
Q

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

A

ascribed status

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6
Q

the owners of the means of production in a society

A

bourgeoisie

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7
Q

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

A

capitalism

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8
Q

the awareness of one’s rank in society

A

class consciousness

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9
Q

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

A

collective conscience

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10
Q

a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest

A

false consciousness

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11
Q

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

A

feudal societies

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12
Q

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

A

habitualization

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13
Q

societies based around the cultivation of plants

A

horticultural societies

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14
Q

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

A

hunter-gatherer societies

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15
Q

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

A

industrial societies

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16
Q

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

A

information societies

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17
Q

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

A

institutionalization

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18
Q

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

A

iron cage

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19
Q

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

A

looking-glass self

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20
Q

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

A

mechanical solidarity

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21
Q

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

A

organic solidarity

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22
Q

societies based around the domestication of animals

A

pastoral societies

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23
Q

the laborers in a society

A

proletariat

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24
Q

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

A

rationalization

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25
a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash
role conflict
26
the expression of a role
role performance
27
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
role strain
28
an array of roles attached to a particular status
role-set
29
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status
roles
30
an idea that becomes true when acted upon
self-fulfilling prophecy
31
how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group
social integration
32
a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural components
society
33
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society
status
34
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
Thomas theorem
35
the way we prepare for future life roles
anticipatory socialization
36
the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones
degradation ceremony
37
the common behavioral expectations of general society
generalized other
38
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
hidden curriculum
39
the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society
moral development
40
the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
nature
41
the role that our social environment plays in self-development
nurture
42
a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
peer group
43
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
resocialization
44
a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
self
45
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
46
a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity
aggregate
47
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks
authoritarian leader
48
formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.
bureaucracies
49
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way
category
50
the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform
clear division of labor
51
organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital
coercive organizations
52
the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms
conformity
53
a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action
democratic leader
54
a two-member group
dyad
55
the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized
explicit rules
56
a group function that serves an emotional need
expressive function
57
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expressive leader
58
large, impersonal organizations
formal organizations
59
any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity
group
60
a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy
hierarchy of authority
61
the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation
impersonality
62
a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity
in-group
63
being oriented toward a task or goal
instrumental function
64
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
instrumental leader
65
the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
66
a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
laissez-faire leader
67
the main focus or goal of a leader
leadership function
68
the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members
leadership style
69
the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions
McDonaldization of Society
70
a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills
meritocracy
70
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
71
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
71
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with
out-group
72
small, informal groups of people who are closest to us
primary groups
73
groups to which an individual compares herself
reference groups
74
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited
secondary groups
75
an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs
total institution
76
a three-member group
triad
77
organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need
utilitarian organizations

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