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Social Psychology > SocPsych1-6 > Flashcards

SocPsych1-6 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Interplay btwn situational and personality differences; looking within our own culture

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

School of thought of learned or experience bhvr through repeated conditioning

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency of assuming and explaining human bhvr as a personality trait (internal) instead of acknowledging the social setting’s influence (external)

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4
Q

Construal

A

Tool we use to perceive, comprehend, or interpret (construct) reality; comes from need to raise self-esteem

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5
Q

Social Cognition

A

The way we think / make sense of about the world; explains our need to be right about our judgements

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6
Q

Empirical Science

A

Data we used to explain our arguments (experience, evidence-based research, etc.)

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7
Q

Archival Analysis

A

the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (e.g., diaries, novels, magazines, and newspapers); cost-effective, but not generalizable

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8
Q

Ethnography

A

Studying/observing as a part of a community; more personal, and detailed, but hard to distance yourself from the group

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9
Q

Observational Methods

A

Description; “What is the nature of the phenomenon?”

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10
Q

Correlational Studies

A

trying to determine if two causes are correlated to each other

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11
Q

Random Sample

A

Everyone has an equal probability/chance to be in study

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12
Q

Representative Sample

A

Certain selection/group of ppl are chosen for a study

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13
Q

Survey

A

a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behavior; cheap, assessable, and massive data sets, but prone to dishonesty and non-participation

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14
Q

Experimental Design

A

the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical

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15
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

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16
Q

Internal Validity

A

Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions

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17
Q

Field Experiment

A

studying in a natural environment; offers comfort for subject, but time-consuming, costly, and not very generalizable

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18
Q

Replication

A

Replicating experiments helps improve validity and reduce errors (boring, but vital)

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19
Q

Basic Research

A

curious pursuit of knowledge; for research’s sake

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20
Q

Applied Research

A

applicable to real life problems

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21
Q

Ethical Issues

A

Consent, deception, debriefing

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22
Q

Schemas

A
  • Mental structures that organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects
  • Influences the way people thinks
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23
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

a person’s or a group’s expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior (Rosenthal & Jacobson’s bloomers)

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24
Q

Rosenthal & Jacobson’s Bloomers

A

Had 1st graders take an IQ test, then asked 1st grade teachers to pick out their ‘smart kids’; retested, then the smart kids performed better the second time

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25
Accessibility & Priming
- The extent to which schemas are used by someone - process by which recent experiences increase accessibility of schema - unintentionally looking for things that line up with your own personal narrative
26
2 factors of accessibility & priming
1. Chronic past experiences related to current goal 2. Recent experiences
27
Goal Pursuit
goals may conflict with each others, so priming people’s goals in a subtle way could influences their behavior (ex: walking out of church to a disease relief cause will urge you to donate)
28
Mind & Body Methaphors
The mind is connected to the body, and when we think about something or someone, we do so with reference to how our bodies are reacting. (ex: viewing world negative when tired)
29
Judgemental Heuristics
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently
30
Availability Heuristic
Base a judgment on the ease with which you can bring something to mind
31
Representativeness Heuristic
Mental shortcut we use to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
32
Barnum Effect
Phenomenon of general personality descriptions apply specifically to them (“That sounds just like me!”)
33
Counterfactual Thinking
When people mentally change some aspect of the past
34
Controlled Thinking
Thinking that is conscious, inten- tional, voluntary, and effortful
35
Planning fallacy
Tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon they will complete a project, despite previous experiences and failings
36
Universal Emotions
Joy, Anger, Fear, Sadness, Disgust
37
Display rules
Cultural norms related to anything that display emotions
38
Emblem
Gestures/Body Language (‘Ok’,‘Thumbs Up’)
39
Affect Blend
Facial expressions revealing two or more emotions simultaneously
40
Thin Slicing
Very limited exposure, forming meaningful first impressions about their abilities or personalities
41
Primacy Effect
First traits we perceive in others influence how we process info about them later on (why first impressions matter)
42
Belief Perseverance
Standing by initial conclusions, even when we learned otherwise
43
Attribution Theory
How we infer the causes of other people’s behavior
44
External Attribution
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in, with the assumption that most people would respond the same way in that situation
45
Internal Attribution
The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality
46
Medvec et al. 1995
When contestants placed in 2nd placed, they were more infuriated and upset about losing than 3rd placers
47
Buehler et al. 1994
explains the planning fallacy
48
Covariation Model
Examine multiple bhvrs from different time & situations to determine whether to make internal or external attribution
49
5 Types of Attribution Error
1. Fundamental Attribution Error 2. Perceptual Salience 3. Two-Step Attribution 4. Self-Serving Attribution 5. Bias Blind Spot
50
Consensus information
The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does (“does everyone act the same way?”
51
Distinctiveness Information
extent to which a person behaves the same way towards different stimuli
52
Consistency Information
How frequent this person behaves in the same way
53
‘Self Concept’
How we view ourselves - Develops through our surrounding & interactions (ex: individualist vs collective)
54
Impression Management
Goffman: we bend our behavior appropriate to the setting we’re in, limiting info about our appearance (ex: classroom vs. living room); The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
55
Perceptual Salience
whoever tends to be more visible to us, the more we focus on what they’re saying
56
Two-Step Attribution
Analyzing another person’s behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior
57
Self-Serving Attribution
Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors
58
Bias Blind Spot
The tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are
59
‘Looking Glass’ Self
Cooley: We modify our bhvrs in realation to our reactions from others (ex: telling a joke, and either continuing or stopping them based of audience reaction)
60
Self Evaluation Maintenance
When we interact w/ others or still reflecting on our self concept of our of others (ex: comparing yourself to more talented friends)
61
Self Awareness Theory
When people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.
62
Self Perception Theory
more reflective on bhvr or something we are uncertain about (factors include past experiences, opinions of others, emotions towards subjects)
63
Two Factor Theory of Emotion
(Schate & Singer) Cognitively labeling physiological response (sweating, heart rate) then beginning to feel emotion; The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it
64
Intrinsic
goals that you personally find intersting and well worth it
65
Extrinsic
goals that relate to surroundings (rewards, pressure)
66
Over-justification effect
overly focusing on external motivation, and people become demotivated
67
Task-contingent reward
rewards that come from just completing the task (C’s get degrees)
68
Performance-contingent reward
doing something well to get the full reward (honor roll in college)
69
Fixed Mindset:
stuck level of thinking (I’m always gonna be this way)
70
Growth Mindset
belief that through effort, you can become more proficient at something
71
Social Comparison Theory
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
72
Social Tuning
The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes
73
Cognitive Dissonance
Discomfort people feel when they behave in ways that challenge their self-esteem / how they feel about themselves
74
3 ways of reducing dissonance
1. Change behavior 2. Change cognition 3. Add new cognition
75
Jack Brehm’s Kitchen Appliances
- Subjects asked to rate appliances, - When landing on a equal rating, researchers took 1 & asked participants to re-rate - Most ended rating the object they chose with a higher rating We want to justify that our decision was best, though it might not be true
76
Lowballing
a technique designed to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to induce a person to accept the offer and then making the terms less favorable
77
Justification of effort
The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain; the more effort we put in to achieve something, them more we are to defend it when it doesn’t seem right
78
External Justification
A reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g., to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment)
79
Ben Franklin Effect
a cognitive bias that causes people to like someone more after they do that person a favor, especially if they previously disliked that person or felt neutral toward them.
80
Internal Justification
The reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (e.g., one’s attitude or behavior)
81
Dehumanizing the enemy
Say/ do things that removes them of their humanity (ex: arguments, how gangsters kill each other)
82
Counter-attitudinal Behavior
Actual bhvr that directly conflicts w/ our beliefs & morals
83
How We Cope w/ Counterattitudinal Behavior
Ben Franklin effect (justifying kindness) & Dehumanization (justifying cruelty)
84
Self Affirmation Theory
3rd- party of our own bhvr: “Are we engaging in behaviors that align with our beliefs?”
85
Narcissism / Too much self-esteem
Everything we’re doing is to build our self-esteem
86
Informed consent
Agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance
87
Deception
Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
88
Debriefing
Explaining to participants, at the end of an experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired
89
Upward Social Comparison
Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability
90
Doward Social Comparison
Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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