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SOCR 240 > SOCR 240- EXAM 1 > Flashcards

SOCR 240- EXAM 1 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

5 FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION

A

Time
Topography
Climate
Organisms
Parent Material

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2
Q

3 MAIN PROCESSES INVOLVED IN SOIL FORMATION

A

Transformation
Translocation
Addition OR Subtraction

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3
Q

FIVE MAIN SOIL HORIZONS

A

O
A
E
B
C

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4
Q

HORIZON SUBSCRIPTS TO RECOGNIZE

A

g
h
k
n
s
t
o
p

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5
Q

7 TYPES OF PARENT MATERIAL

A

Till
Alluvium
Aeolian/ Loess
Tephra
Lacustrine/ Marine
Residual

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6
Q

3 EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING

A

Freezing and Thawing
Grinding and Abrasion
Expansion of water as it freezes

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7
Q

6EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING

A

Hydrolysis
Hydration
Carbonation
Oxidation
Reduction
Dissolution

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8
Q

12 SOIL ORDERS

A

ALFisols
ANDisols
arIDisols
ENTisols
gELisols
hISTosols
incEPTisols
mOLLisols
OXisols
spODosols
ULTisols
vERTisols
“All Angels Always Enter Gods Heavens In Maroon Or Silver Underwear.”

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9
Q

4 EPIPEDONS

A

Histic
Mollic
Ochric
Umbric

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10
Q

7 ENDOPEDONS (ic)(soil horizons)

A

Albic
Argillic
Calcic
Cambric
Natric
Oxic
Spodic

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11
Q

3 MAIN STEPS TO FORM SUB-ORDER AND GREAT GROUP NAMES
(SOIL TAXONOMY)

A
  1. Order (found in the 12 soil orders)
  2. Sub-order (formative element suborder table)
  3. Great group (formative element great group table)
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12
Q

Weathering reaction splitting water molecules

A

HYDROLYSIS

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13
Q

Cemented calcium carbonate in horizon similar to parent material

A

Horizon: Ckm

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14
Q

Top mineral soil horizon with plowing disturbance

A

Horizon: Op

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15
Q

Parent Material deposited by (L)akes

A

LUCUSTRINE

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16
Q

General term for accumulated organic de(p)osits in wet areas

A

PEAT
“Pete got WET”

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17
Q

Process creating (E) horizon

A

ELUVIATION

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18
Q

Weak (acid) formed from (C)O2 and H2O

A

CARBONIC ACID

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19
Q

Most weathering resistant primary (mineral) common in sand fraction

A

QUARTZ

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20
Q

Largest SOURCE of nitrogen

A

ATMOSPHERE

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21
Q

Top mineral soil horizon with accumulation of soluble salts

A

Horizon: An

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22
Q

Reaction involving (addition) of water molecules

A

HYDRATION

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23
Q

A set of contiguous (pedons)

A

POLYPEDONS

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24
Q

Horizon with illuvial accumulation of clay and CaCO3

A

Horizon: Btk

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25
Soil formed in past under different soil forming environment that exists today
PALEOSOL
26
An active (factor of soil formation) involving precipitation and temperature
CLIMATE
27
Volcanic parent material (t)ransported by wind
TEPHRA
28
Smallest unit we call a soil
PEDON
29
Mounds of coarse sand fragments
GRUS
30
Mineral most likely found in white surface crust in Colorado
GYMPSUM (think of Gypsum, CO and how it has the biggest drywall plant in CO. and drywall is white and so is gypsum)
31
Horizon similar to the parent material with an accumulation of gypsum
Horizon: Cy
32
Process creating B horizon
ILLUVIATION
33
A passive (factor of soil formation) involving landscape position
TOPOGRAPHY
34
Study and (classification) of soils as evolving natural entities
TAXONOMY
35
Horizon with illuvial accumulation of humus(OM) Fe & Al oxides
Horizon: Bos
36
Parent Material transported by gravity
COLLUVIUM (think that if when soil rolls down a hill it makes a COLLision)
37
Study of soils as media for living things, particularly plant growth
EDAPHOLOGY
38
Reaction involving gain of electrons
REDUCTION (remember that reduction means gaining in chem)
39
Organic horizon with slightly decomposed organic matter
Horizon: Oi
40
Weathering reaction with (C)O2 or H2CO3 solubilizing minerals
CARBONATION
41
General term for minerals formed through weathering of primary minerals
SECONDARY (Think "primary" minerals --> "SECONDARY" minerals after weathering)
42
Reaction involving loss of electrons
OXIDATION (remember in chem loss = oxidation)
43
Silt-sized particles transported by wind
LOESS (think: bLOESS with da wind)
44
Parent material transported by flowing water
ALLUVIUM (think "allu"= "blue"= water)
45
Iron oxide very resistant to weathering
HEMATITE (think about how hematite is a protective stone=very resistant and is made of iron oxide)
46
Parent material transported by wind
Aeolian (think aeolian is the parent of loess and loess is the little silt sized particle)
47
Organic horizon with highly decomposed organic matter
Horizon: Oa
48
Parent material transported and deposited by ice
TILL (think till=farming--> farming for ice)
49
Taxonomy problem: Sub-order: a common SPODOSOL
ORTHOD it gave us "Sub order" so start with that and look at table to see if it has a great group. It doesn't. 1. sub order--> common= ORTH 2. Soil order--> spODosol-->OD = Orth-od
50
Acidic, typically with Bhs horizon, often in forest.
SPODOSOL (think= always dig up a dead body in acidic soil in a forest--> spodosol)
51
Diagnostic horizon: illuvial accumulation of clay (Bt)
ARGILLIC (diagnostic horizon= endopedons soil horizon list)
52
Diagnostic Horizon: accumulation of CaCO3 (Bk or Ck)
CALCIC
53
Great group: a dry climate ultisol with minimal horizon development
TORRHAPLULT Great group= taxonomy problem 1. dry climate= torr 2. minimalhorizondevelopment=HAPL 3. ULTisol
54
Sub-order: A gelisol with a histic horizon (high accumulation of organic matter)
HISTEL 1. Soil order= histic= HIST 2. Sub-order= gelisol = EL Hist+el= HISTEL
55
Great group: An old alfisol in a dry climate
USTPALEALF 1. old= pale 2. dry climate= ust 3. alfisol= alf *1. order 2. sub-order 3. great group*
56
Sub-order: mollisol with dry summer, moist winter
XEROLL 1. sub-order--> xer 2. great group --> mollisol--> OLL xer+oll= XEROLL
57
Order: arid region soil
ARIDISOL (12 soil formations)
58
Great group: Humid oxisol with minimum horizon development
HAPLUDOX
59
Order: cold region soil, often frozen
GELISOL
60
Great group: large humus content, common Oxisol
HUMORTHOX
61
Diagnostic horizon: highly weathered, red and dominated by Fe and Al oxides
OXIC
62
Sub-order: Cold, volcanic origin soil
CRYAND
63
Order: high shrink swell soil
VERTISOL
64
Diagnostic horizon: weak B horizon (Bw)
CAMBIC
65
Organic epipedon often water saturated
MOLLIC
66
Order: soil with dark A horizon, highest natural fertility
INCEPTISOL
67
Suborder: histisol with intermediate decomposed plant fiber
HEMIST
68
Great group: Aridisol with accumulation of gypsum and CaCO3
CALCIGYPSID
69
Great group: A wet vertisol with a duripan (a layer cemented with silica)
DURAQUERT
70
Order: Young soil, little or no profile development
ENTISOL
71
Great group: Mollisol with Argillic horizon in area with moist winters and dry summers
ARGIXEROL
72
Sub-order: wet alfisol
AQUALF
73
Diagnostic horizon: highly leached, white colored E horizon
ALBIC
74
How to Subdivide Soil Orders
Order: Order element Suborder: prefix - Order element Great Group: prefix-prefix-Order element
75
strong gleying (mottling)
subscript: g
76
illuvial accumulation of organic matter
subscript h:
77
accumulation of carbonates
subscript: k
78
accumulation of sodium
subscript: n
79
illuvial organic matter and iron aluminum oxides
subscript: s
80
accumulation of silicate clays
subscript: t
81
accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides
subscript: o
82
plowing or other disturbances
subscript: p
83
organic horizon in many stages of decomposition (has >20% O.M)
Horizon: O
84
top mineral layer where organic material accumulates (has 0-20% O.M) usually darker soil*
Horizon: A
85
Lighter colored than A: clay and O.M have been leeched (leeching is removal process= eluviation)
Horizon: E
86
Zone where clay and O.M from A and E horizon accumulate (accumulation process= illuviation)
Horizon: B
87
Parent material (unconsolidated)
Horizon: C
88
soil formation example: weathering/decomposition. Destroys soil components
TRANSFORMATION
89
soil formation example: movement of inorganic and organic materials through soil profile
TRANSLOCATION
90
soil formation example: plant residues and water
ADDITIONS
91
soil formation example: temperature and precipitation
CLIMATE
92
soil formation example: insect/ small mammals, plant communities, soil organic matter
ORGANISMS
93
composed of primary minerals
PARENT MATERIAL
94
soil formation example: landscape positioning
TOPOGRAPHY
95
soil formation example: soil changes with time
TIME

SOCR 240 (4 decks)

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