SOCY100 Flashcards by Amber D

Which one of the following social and historical trends was instrumental in
creating a favourable environment for the development of sociology?
a) post-industrialisation
b) the Industrial Revolution
c) modernism
d) the age of Enlightenment
e) postmodernism

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Karl Marx theorised class consciousness would result in workers becoming
collectively aware of their class exploitation and this would result in:
a) the demise of the working class
b) the strengthening of the bourgeoisie
c. the growth of trade unions and labour parties
d) the establishment of a communist or socialist party
e) the demise of property relations

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Stable patterns of social relations are called:

a) group cohesion
b) social structure
c) social solidarity
d) social organisation
e) social strata

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Herbert Spencer’s idea that societies evolve in the same way as biological organisms came to be called:

a) biological Darwinism
b) social Darwinism
c) class conflict
d) social analysis
e) conceptualisation

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If one variable changes as the other changes, the variables are said to be _____.

a) connected
b) independent
c) dependent
d) spurious
e) associated

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If a researcher is interested in the effect of television viewing on behaviour and
randomly selects research subjects who are male and female to determine the
consequences of television viewing, television viewing is the:

a) connected variable
b) independent variable
c) dependent variable
d) spurious association
e) control variable

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What statistic are you calculating if you add the income of 10 people and divide that
sum by 10?
a) the mean
b) the median
c) the correlation coefficient
d) a rate
e) all of these choices

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What accounts for the spread of mass schooling?

a) the Protestant Reformation
b) globalisation
c) the Democratic Revolution
d) the rise of the modern state
e) all of these choices

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\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when members of an occupation insist that people earn certain
credentials to enter the occupation.
a) certification
b) credential certification
c) diploma certification
d) professionalisation
e) none of these choices

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_____ is a ‘disciplinary mechanism’ to regulate schools and universities.

a) the Protestant Reformation
b) the market
c) credentialism
d) globalisation
e) professionalisation

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. The number of years of school a person completes is known as:

a) educational achievement
b) mass schooling
c) educational attainment
d) professionalisation
e) credentialisation

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Durkheim held that schools socialise the young and thus promote social integration.
Which of the following attributes did he think schools instil in children?

a) respect for the law
b) valuing capitalism and democracy
c) viewing the nation with pride
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

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A disadvantage of the resistance developed in working-class culture is that:

a) these cultures may romanticise resistance
b) these cultures may be oppressive to women
c) these cultures may be oppressive to ethnic minorities
d) all of these choices
e) none of these choices

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Recent research links which of the following to time spent online?

a) makes people more lonely, more depressed and more socially isolated
b) makes people less lonely, less depressed and more socially connected
c) there is no clear pattern to the findings
d) none of the above

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The term ‘technologies of the self’ was introduced by:

a) Erving Goffman
b) Michel Foucault
c) Karl Marx
d) Pierre Bourdieu
e) Jean Baudrillard

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Social stratification is the idea that society is organised in strata, or:

a) segments
b) layers
c) bands
d) groups
e) blocks

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Your wealth consist of:

a) what you own and control
b) your house and car
c) your appliances and furniture
d) your savings
e) your stocks and shares

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A Gini index of zero indicates that:

a) every household in the country earns very different amounts of money
b) every adult in the country earns the same amount of money
c) every household in the country earns the same amount of money
d) a single household earns the entire national income
e) we cannot know how the national income is earned in a country

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Karl Marx argued that feudalism began to decline as manufacturing production

increased. This created a:
a) Need for workers
b) need for landowners
c) need for serfs to generate the raw materials for industrial production
d) trend toward unionisation
e) none of these choices

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The idea that a doctor’s work contributes more to society than the work of a cleaner,
is an illustration of which theory of stratification?
a) Marxist
b) Weberian
c) functionalist
d) conflict
e) symbolic interactionist

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As the 19th century progressed the exercise of racial classification shifted to:

a) an emphasis on the superiority of European political systems
b) an emphasis on the superiority of European cultural values
c) a focus on individual and group intelligence and capacity
d) all of these choices
e) none of these choices

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The dominance of Māori and Samoan players in the New Zealand rugby team is:

a) evidence of a genetic predisposition for athletic prowess in black men
b) not a situation that can be explained by genetic or biological theories
c. ) an example of negative discrimination against Pākehā men
d) none of these choices
e) all of these choices

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One criticism of the argument that genes determine specific behaviours of racial
groups is that it is impossible to:
a) Neatly distinguish races based on genetic differences
b) decide which of the two definitions of race available to sociologists will be used
c) select differences because genetic differences are too plentiful
d) distinguish differences because there is only one racial group in the world
e) none of these choices

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According to symbolic interactionists, the development of racial and ethnic
labels and racial and ethnic identities is typically a process of:
a) contest and struggle
b) group consensus
c) categorisation
d) negotiation
e) definition

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``` Your sense of being masculine or feminine and acting in ways appropriate to your culture and society are called: a) hormones b) gender c) sex d) gender identity e) gender role ```

When you behave according to widely shared expectations about how males or females are supposed to act, you adopt a: a) stigma b) gender c) sex d) gender identity e) gender role

``` The process by which society enforces heterosexuality through taken-for-granted assumptions in everyday life is termed: a) heterosexuality b) heteronormativity c) sexual roles d) sexual practice e) androgyny ```

Which of the following is a main criticism against essentialist arguments about gender? a) essentialism ignores the historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality b) essentialism tends to generalise from the average, ignoring variations within groups c) there is no direct evidence that supports the major claims of essentialism d) the essentialist explanation of gender differences ignores the role of power e) all the above

``` Prison populations in Australia and New Zealand are disproportionately overrepresented by: a) women b) older people c. Indigenous men d) older men e) none of these choices ```

``` The theory of deviance and crime that focuses on how a culture teaches people to value material success, but doesn’t provide enough legitimate opportunities for everyone to succeed, is called: a) motivational theory b) constraint theory c) strain theory d) subcultural theory e) techniques of neutralisation ```

``` Without meaning to do so, schools encourage the development of a separate youth culture that often conflicts with parents’ values. This is an example of _____ of schools. a) a manifest function b) an intended consequence c) a latent function d) a professional attribute e) none of these choices ```

The creation of justifications and rationalisations, such as an appeal to higher loyalties or condemning those who pass judgement on them, enables criminals to: a) Learn how to commit crimes b) innovate c) conform to broad societal norms d) clear their consciences and commit crimes e) get into graduate school

``` The words ‘delinquent’, ‘criminal’ and ‘loser’ that are attached to a person or a group are called: a) stereotypes b) social opinions c) labels d) typifications e) nicknames ```

. _____ is the single most important determinant of the quality of one’s diet. a) hunting prowess b) place of residency c) ethnicity d) average family income

There is apparently _____ between obesity and social class. a) a reciprocal relationship b) no relationship c) a technological relationship d) a curative relationship

``` All individuals pass through distinct stages of life which, taken together, sociologists call: a) the life course b) rites of passage c) rituals d) transition e) the change of life ```

``` The rising number of ‘old old’ people in society is of concern because they are most likely to suffer: a general physiological decline b social isolation c poverty d all of these choices e none of these choices ```

According to Malthus, food supplies and population size increase _____ respectively. a) arithmetically and geometrically b) geometrically and arithmetically c) inversely and proportionately d) quickly and slowly e) proportionately and inversely

``` The number of children each woman must have on average for population size to remain stable is called the: a) refined birth rate b) crude birth rate c) total fertility rate d) replacement level e) adjusted birth rate ```

Recent demographic research drives home the point that population growth and its negative consequences: a) are created by natural disasters b) do not just stem from natural causes c) have been created by more egalitarian gender roles d) are simply responses to industrialisation and modernisation e) are the fault of human evolution

Robert Park, Ernest Burgess and Roderick McKenzie all belonged to the: a) neomodernists b) postmodernists c) Chicago School d) New School e) Bauhaus

``` People acting in unison to bring about or resist social, political and economic change are engaged in: a) democratic government b) economic development c) collective action d) collectivisation e) all of these choices ```

Rather than specific protests per se, sociologists attempt to understand collective action by attending to the _____ and _____ processes that underpin them: a) political, identity b) sociological, psychological c) poverty, inequality d) leadership, persuasive e) structural, identity

Making concessions to protestors, co-opting the most troublesome leaders, and violently repressing collective action are all examples of: a) resource mobilisation b) political opportunism c) social control d) all of these choices e) none of these choices

The globalisation of social movements became possible because of: a) inexpensive international travel b) new communication technologies c) connections between local and global now apparent d) all of these choices e) none of these choices

Karl Marx theorised class consciousness would result in workers becoming collectively aware of their class exploitation and this would result in: Select one: a. the growth of trade unions and labour parties b. the strengthening of the bourgeoisie c. the demise of the working class d. the establishment of a communist or socialist party e. the demise of property relations

What statistic are you calculating if you add the income of 10 people and divide that sum by 10? Select one: a. all of these choices b. the mean c. the median d. the correlation coefficient e. a rate

It is important to remember that social experiences helped to shape the ideas of sociologists. Therefore, we can conclude that: Select one: a. sociological ideas are based only on a limited number of social theories b. sociological ideas are based on independent scientific research c. sociological ideas are influenced by the social setting in which they emerge d. sociological ideas are divorced from any other concerns in society e. sociological ideas are created by the sum total of society

Which one of the following social and historical trends was instrumental in creating a favourable environment for the development of sociology? Select one: a. modernism b. the Industrial Revolution c. post-industrialisation d. postmodernism e. the age of Enlightenment

Credentialism’ refers to Select one: a. Increasing reliance on specialist education and formal qualifications. b. How trustworthy a person or statement is. c. a condition where people seek out multiple qualifications with no clear goal d. The success of a school in getting its pupils through examinations.

The process whereby individuals are assigned to research groups by chance is known as: Select one: a. experimentation b. population c. randomisation d. sampling e. variation

The question of individual freedom versus individual constraint is called which debate? Select one: a. social patterning b. structure/agency c. social structure d. freedom/constraint e. individual freedom

In 1922 Walter Lippman claimed the news media are the primary source of the ‘pictures in our heads’. What theory describes this position? Select one: a. Hypodermic theory b. Agenda setting c. Priming d. Propaganda

An advantage of a focus group is that: Select one: a. they are flexible b. they are quick to complete c. all of these choices d. they capture real-life data e. they are inexpensive

By examining microstructures sociologists gain a better understanding of: Select one: a. the biological basis of behaviour b. how to use socio-historical information c. structures that impact upon women in society d. intimate social relations e. large-scale social structures

The argument that cultural capital is decisive in determining educational opportunity was made by Select one: a. Robert Merton b. Robert Dessaix c. Gary Marks d. Tim Paine e. Pierre Bourdieu

A researcher is interested in conducting ‘field research’. Which of the following contexts would be appropriate for field research? Select one: a. a football field b. rural communities c. a prison d. all of these choices e. an intensive care unit

Meritocracy’ is Select one: a. a hierarchy of privilege b. A society in which there is equality of opportunity. c. How well an individual performs at school. d. How good a school is at recognizing the ability of its pupils

Cultural hegemony refers to domination or rule achieved through cultural means. Who said this? Select one: a. Gramsci b. Schiller c. Chomsky d. Gerbner e. Wagner

What makes the Gutenberg Bible special in the development of mass media? Select one: a. it was the first to be offered on the World Wide Web b. it was the first Bible translated into English c. it was the first Bible able to be downloaded onto a mobile phone d. it was the first printed Bible e. it was the first to use colour in its illustrations

The use of known narratives, values, beliefs, and emotional content to sway audience attitudes is call what theory? Select one: a. Framing b. Polysemic c. Gratification d. Fracking e. Narrative

The Australian federal government funds only public schools. Select one: True False

False

Who coined the term 'imagined communities'? Select one: a. Karl Marx b. Jurgen Habermas c. Benedict Anderson d. Antonio Gramsci e. Steve Smith

Paul Willis argued that Select one: a. That education provides an effective means for social mobility. b. Resistance to school values by working-class boys helped push them into lower-skilled jobs c. Class had no impact on educational attainment d. Success and failure at school is largely determined by intelligence.

a. not finding anything to observe b. insufficient time to conduct all observations c. the Hawthorne effect d. the Western Bulldogs effect e. direct observation effect Two main problems confound direct observation. One of these problems is: Select one: a. the Hawthorne effect b. the Western Bulldogs effect c. insufficient time to conduct all observations Incorrect d. not finding anything to observe e. direct observation effect

Your _____ depends on whether you were born with distinct male or female genitals and a genetic program that released either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system. Select one: a. self b. sex c. gender d. gender role e. gender identity

Scholars who see gender differences as a reflection of naturally evolved dispositions are approaching gender from which theoretical position? Select one: a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. essentialism d. social constructionism e. symbolic interactionism

Which of the following is a main criticism against essentialist arguments about gender? Select one: a. there is no direct evidence that supports the major claims of essentialism b. the essentialist explanation of gender differences ignores the role of power c. essentialism ignores the historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality d. essentialism tends to generalise from the average, ignoring variations within groups e. all of the these

The Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell developed a four-fold model of the structure of gender relations. Identify the four structures in this model: Select one: a. family relations, production relations, cathexis, symbolism b. economic relations, production relations, cathexis, tokenism c. power relations, interpersonal relations, cathexis, symbolism d. power relations, production relations, cathexis, symbolism e. power relations, production relations, cathartic relations, symbolism

A nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country, that is not usually incorporated in everyday behaviour is called: Select one: a. a minority group b. none of these choices c. a scapegoat d. a stereotype e. symbolic ethnicity

According to symbolic interactionists, the development of racial and ethnic labels and racial and ethnic identities is typically a process of: Select one: a. definition b. negotiation c. group consensus d. contest and struggle e. categorisation

In Australia and New Zealand, the people with the most freedom to choose their ethnic or racial identity are: Select one: a. Indigenous Australians b. people whose ancestors came from the British Isles in the 19th century c. recent Asian immigrants d. recent European immigrants e. recent South Pacific immigrants

Recently there has been less emphasis by governments on policies of multiculturalism, which were particularly popular in the last quarter of the 20th century. Why are governments placing less emphasis on multicultural policies? Select one: a. due to a belief that overt racism was disappearing and equal opportunity for all now exists b. these days, overt and covert racism in Australia is virtually non-existent c. culturally and linguistically diverse individuals are now economically and socially advantaged compared to the original white settlers d. nobody really cares about an individual’s race anymore; Australians have become increasingly more tolerant e. none of these choices

Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King, Jr. were both considered deviant and criminal in their lifetimes, but are not considered deviant and criminal today. This illustrates that what we consider to be deviant and criminal: Select one: a. is dependent on the issue b. depends who you ask c. changes over time d. remains consistent

Deviance is more than a simple departure from a statistical norm; it also involves: Select one: a. none of these choices b. violating an accepted rule or behaviour c. a complex departure from a statistical norm d. upsetting certain individuals or groups e. all of these choices

Hagan’s analysis allows us to classify four types of deviance and crime. Identify which types of crime his analysis allows us to classify. Select one: a. social deviations b. social diversions c. all of these choices d. conflict crimes e. consensus crimes

If you claim that crime is NOT inherent in certain actions, but is created because some people are in a position to create norms and pass laws that stigmatise other people, then you would be advocating: Select one: a. strain theory b. social constructionism c. subcultural theory d. the theory of differential association e. social control theory

SOCY100 Flashcards

(77 cards)