Sodium

Question 1

where is sodium mostly located?

Answer 1

extracellular

Question 2

what is one of the most important thing sodium does?

Answer 2

attracts fluid

Question 3

what are some other thing sodium does?

Answer 3

transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers

combines with chloride and bicarbonate tor regulate acid-base balance

Question 4

what is the normal range of sodium?

Answer 4

135- 145

Question 5

more sodium taken in =

Answer 5

more sodium excrete through kidneys

Question 6

if sodium intake is increased what else is?

Answer 6

extracellular fluid

Question 7

what does ADH do?

Answer 7

cause kidneys to retain water –> diluting blood

Question 8

what is excreted when sodium increase?

Answer 8

ADH

Question 9

what is hypovolemic hyponatremia?

Answer 9

both sodium and water lever decrease in extracellular area

*Sodium loss > water loss

Question 10

what are some non renal causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

Answer 10

vomit
diarrhea
fistulas
gastric suctioning
excessive sweating
cystic fibrosis
burns/wounds

Question 11

what are some renal causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

Answer 11

osmotic diuresis
salt-losing nephritis
adrenal insufficiency
diuretic uses

Question 12

what is sugnificant about diuretics being used?

Answer 12

it can cause potassium loss which lead to sodium loss

Question 13

what is hypervolemic hyponatemia?

Answer 13

water and sodium increase in the extracellular area (Na levels diluted)
Water gain > sodium

Question 14

what are some common causes of hypervolemic hyponateremia?

Answer 14

Heart failure
Liver failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Excessive hypotonic IV fluids
Hyperaldosteronism

Question 15

what is isotonic hyponatremia?

Answer 15

sodium levels appear low because too much fluid is in the body.

Question 16

what are some causes of isotonic hyponatremia?

Answer 16

glucocorticoid deficency
hypothyroidism
renal failure
SIADH

Question 17

what is SIADH?

Answer 17

sydrome of inappropriate antidiuretic horomone cause excessive release of ADH –> excessive water retention

Question 18

What does SIADH occur with?

Answer 18

cancer
CNS disorders
Pulmonary disorders
medications

Question 19

what are some treatments for hyponatremia?

Answer 19

fluid restiriction
high-sodium diet

SEVERE: hypertonic IV solution

Question 20

what are some thing you look for in a person with hyponatremia?

Answer 20

N/V
anorexia
neurological symptoms

Question 21

what are some thing that effect what to look for in hyponatremia?

Answer 21

how fast the levels dropped

Question 22

what are some neurological signs to look for in hyponatremia?

Answer 22

headach
irritability
dioriented
twitching
tremors
weakness 
change in LOC

Question 23

if severe hyponatremia what do you look for?

Answer 23

stupor
delirium 
psychosis
ataxia
coma

Question 24

what does low hyporvolemic hyponatremia show?

Answer 24

poor skin turgor
dry cracked mucus membranes
weak rapid pulses
low B/P
orthostatic hypotension
CVP, PAP, and PAWP may decrease

Question 25

what does hypervolemic hyponatremia show?

Answer 25

``` edema hypertension weight gain rapid bounding pulse CVP, PAP, PAWP elevate ```

Question 26

what are some common diagnosis test with hyponatremia?

Answer 26

serum osmolarity < 280 serum Na less than 135 urine specific gravity < 1.010 elevated hematocrit and plasma protein

Question 27

if a person is severe hyponatremia what do you do/look for?

Answer 27

hypertonic solution (infuse very slow and small volume) monitor carefully for circulatory overload worsening neurological status

Question 28

nursing intervention for hyponatremia is?

Answer 28

``` VS neurological status daily weight skin turgor diagnostic tests often post sign of fluid restriction oral supplements IV treatment safe environment ```

Question 29

what is the defense mechanism to hypernatremia?

Answer 29

hypothalmus --> thirst

Question 30

who are more likely to experiance hypernatremia?

Answer 30

elderly patients, immobile patients, or unconscious patients and hypothalmas disorders some athelets and infants too

Question 31

what is hypernatremia?

Answer 31

excess sodium relative to water in the body

Question 32

what some common sensible causes of hypernatremia?

Answer 32

vomiting | diarrhea

Question 33

what are some insensible causes that relate to hypernatremia?

Answer 33

pulmonary infections fever heat stroke

Question 34

what are some disease that increase risk of hypernatremia?

Answer 34

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome diabetes (from lack of ADH)

Question 35

what do you look for in hypernatremia?

Answer 35

``` N/V restlessness agitation anorexia weakness lethargy confusion stupor seizure coma low fever flushed skin elevated B/P bouning pulse dyspnea ```

Question 36

what are some neromuscular signsa?

Answer 36

twitching hyperreflexia ataxia tremors

Question 37

what are some diagnotic test done associataed with hypernatremia?

Answer 37

serum sodium >145 urine specific gravity > 1.030 serum osmolality > 300

Question 38

how do you treat hypernatremia?

Answer 38

oral replacement for water | IV fluids gradually over 48 hour

Question 39

what are some nursing interventions with hypernatremia?

Answer 39

``` VS replacement --> response watch for cerebra edema and neurological change I&O daily weight assess skin --> breakdown, infection, & persiration oral hygeines safety ```

Question 40

what foods are high in sodium?

Answer 40

``` canned soups and vegtables cheese ketchup processed meats table salts salty snacks seafood ```