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Physiotherpy > Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing > Flashcards

Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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2
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A 
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways and chambers
Forms glands 
Cells in close association 
Forms a barrier between organism and environment
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3
Q

Examples of epithelial cell locations

A

Oesophagus, skin, stomach, intestine, blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of Epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

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5
Q

What are the two types of glands epithelial cells form?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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6
Q

Describe an exocrine gland

A

Not part of the endocrine system
Secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface
E.g. sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands.

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7
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands
Secrete hormones into cellular spaces that then enter the blood stream
Travel to a specific receptor on a target cell
E.g. thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, endocrine gland

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8
Q

How many types of connective tissue are there, and what are they?

A 
6 
Loose connective 
Fibrous (Dense) connective 
Adipose
Cartilage 
Bone 
Blood
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9
Q

What are the properties of connective tissue?

A 
Fill internal spaces 
Provide other tissue support
Transport materials 
Store energy 
Connects epithelium to rest of the body
Forms a framework
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10
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A 
Provides structure 
Transports 
Protects 
Supports
Stores energy and defends
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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

A

Proper connect tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Supporting connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Closed pack network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel.

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13
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Chondrocytes - only cells found in healthy cartilage. Produce and maintain the collagen matrix.
Proteoglycans - proteins which attach to other substances within the body.
In cartilage they’re called Aggrecans and they provide hydration and swelling pressure which allows tissues to withstand compressive forces.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A 
Most common 
Closed pack matrix 
Collagen fibre
Tough but flexible 
Most joint surfaces 
Between ribs and sternum
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16
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Numerous elastic fibres
Resilient but flexible
In the external flap of the ear
Small cartilages in larynx

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17
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A 
Densely interwoven 
Collagen fibres
Durable and tough 
Resists compressive forces 
Absorbs shock 
Forms the knee menisci 
Between pubic bones 
Between spinal vertebrae
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18
Q

What does a mix of epithelial and connective tissue make?

A

Membranes

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19
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A selective barrier that allows some substances to pass through and stops others.

20
Q

What are the four types of membrane?

A

Synovial
Serous
Mucous
Cutaneous

21
Q

Describe a mucous membrane

A

Epithelial and connective tissue
Lubricated by muscles or exposure to fluids
Line passageways that connect with the exterior
Moist surface to reduce friction and facilitate secretion
E.g. respiratory tract

22
Q

Describe a serous membrane

A

Line sealed, internal divisions of body cavities
Not open to the exterior
Very thin and transparent
Firmly attached to body walls and organs
Fluid between Them
Minimises friction between cavities

23
Q

Describe a synovial membrane

A

Connective tissue with a layer of fibroblasts and macrophages
These control the composition of synovial fluid
Articulate cartilage must be lubricated
Movement of a joint is essential for formation and circulation of synovial fluid
Movements cause production of synovial fluid

24
Q

Describe a cutaneous membrane

A

Many layers of squamous epithelial cells
Epidermis and dermis layers
Epidermis - thick layers of superficial epithelium
Sermon - underlying area of types of connective tissue
Found at accessory structures such as hair, nails and exocrine glands

25
Describe the skin
Barrier composed of elastic and collagen fibres Contains lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves Contains hair follicles and glands
26
What are the functions of the skin?
``` Protection Excretion Maintenance Production Detection ```
27
What is a sprain?
A stretch or tear of a ligament
28
How many grades of a sprain are there? What do they involve?
3 Grade 1 - stretching and small tears Grade 2 - incomplete tear Grade 3 - complete tear
29
What is a strain?
Muscle or tendon injury that involves over stretching or over contracting and lengthening. Which tears the collagen
30
What are some classifications of a grade 1 sprain and or strain?
``` Localised pain and tenderness No visible bruising Minimal swelling Minimal loss of function No loss of strength or range of muscle movement No ligament laxity ```
31
What are some classifications of a grade 2 sprain and or strain?
``` Poorly localised pain Bruising Moderate swelling Disability and painful Range of motion deficit Decrease in muscle strength Ligament may of caused an unstable joint ```
32
What are the common classifications of a grade 3 sprain and or strain?
Joint instability Inability of the muscle to contract Immediate acute pain Audible pop, crack or click
33
What are some factors that cause tissue damage?
Injury - physical, thermal, electrical, chemical Infection - viruses, bacteria, fungi Infarction - obstructions of blood supply to an organ, starving it of o2 Immune responses - auto immunity or foreign protein hypersensitivity
34
What are the two types of body tissue?
Parenchymal tissue - control the functioning of cells of that organ E.g. cardiac myocyte tissue = heart Hepatocyte tissue = liver Interstitial tissue - supports connective tissue Contains cells that support organs Blood vessels and nerves are made of this
35
What are the 3 types of tissue healing?
Resolution Regeneration Replacement
36
Describe resolution
The rapid healing of mild injury Removal of debris associated with the inflammatory response which is sufficient to restore tissue to its normal state Epithelial cells shed and regenerate without incident Removes the inflammation
37
Describe regeneration
Specialised tissue is replaced by the making of surrounding undimmed specialised cells Growth factors are released from damaged tissues and cells - cytokines and platelet derived growth factor that increase mitogenic activity = Mitosis Injured tissue replaced with parenchymal cells
38
Describe replacement
Deals with severely damaged tissue or non-regenerable tissue Healed by laying down connective tissue known as scarring Replaced by granulation tissue = scar tissue. Original tissue is not replaced by the same tissue.
39
What are the three types of cells?
Labile cells - continually divide to regenerate tissue Stable cells - stop growing once growth stops. Will be stimulated when growth and division is needed. Such as if damage occurs and a supportive framework is needed Fixed non-dividing cells - can’t regenerate or divide or undergo mitosis. Such as the cardiac and skeletal muscle. Once damaged can not repair so left with scar tissue.
40
How many stages are there in connective tissue repair? What are they?
``` 4 Bleeding Inflammatory Proliferation Remodelling ```
41
What is primary intention?
Occurs where the tissue surfaces have been closed. With stitches, staples, glue, tapes Used when there have been minimal tissue loss
42
What is secondary intention?
Wound that is extensive and involves considerable tissue loss, where the edges cannot be brought together so it heals in this manner, forming scar tissue. How ulcers heal.
43
How is primary intention different from secondary intention?
Longer repair time Scarring is greater Chances of infection are greater
44
What is tertiary intention?
Known as delayed or secondary closure Indicated when there is reason to delay closing a wound due to poor circulation to the area etc. They require more connective tissue - scar tissue
45
What are some factors that affect wound healing?
``` Nature of injury Temperature Drugs Age Blood flow Infection ```
46
What are some complications of tissue repair?
Infection - invasion can affect and delay the repair process Ulceration - open, crater like lesions of the skin Dehiscence - scar formation and wound separation Keloid Development - hypertrophic scars due to excessive collagen production Adhesion - fibrous connection between cavities and scar tissues

Physiotherpy (7 decks)

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