Software Engineering Ch1-5 Flashcards by Mario Pelletier

Computer program
Data structures
Documentation

Name three basic characteristics of a Software

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What differentiates Software from Hardware

Software is;
Engineered, not manufactured.
Not deteriorating, wearing out
Mostly custom-built.

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System / Application / Scientific / Embedded / Product-line / Web-Mobile Apps / AI Softwares

What are seven categories presenting challenges for engineers

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Reasons for a software to evolve / change?

Adapt needs of new technology
Enhance for new business requirements
Extend for modern systems / databases
Re-architected for new computing environments

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Quality focus (bedrock)
Process (foundation)
Methods (techniques)
Tools (support for process + methods)

What are the four engineering layers (from bottom)

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The Five Process Framework Activities

[crispy pastries make cool donuts]

Communication / Planning / Modeling / Construction / Deployment

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Product preparation
Project production
Risk management
Technical reviews
Quality assurance
Configuration & re-usability management
Project tracking
Product measurement

Name 8 Umbrella activities:

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Processes:

Flow of activities & tasks
Degree of tasks definition
Manners of quality assurance
Manners of project tracking and activity control
Overall degree of detail
Degree of involvement of client
Level of autonomy of dev. team
Team organization and roles

Process differences that require adaptation between software projects

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Understand the problem (communication & analysis)
Plan a solution (modeling & software design)
Carry out the plan (code generation)
Examine results (Testing & quality)

What are Steps in problem solving

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Correct a defect in an existing application
Adapt to a new business environment
Extend functions of existing application
Create a new product

What are Basic business needs for a new software project

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Name four Process Flow Models

Linear / Iterative / Evolutionary / Parallel

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Software Process
Process Framework
Umbrella activities
Tasks sets (the work to be done)

What are the Steps in a Generic Process Model:

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What defines a Linear process flow

The Five Activities are organized in Sequence

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What defines a Iterative process flow

The Five Activities are in sequence, but can be repeated once or more before moving to the next.

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Executes all five Activities in a circular manner.
Each circuit trough leads to a more complex version of the project.
Describes which process flow?

What defines a Evolutionary process flow

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What defines a Parallel process flow

Executes one or more Activities in parallel with another (modeling may be executed along with the construction of another)

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Defines the actual work to be done.

What is a Task Set

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Tasks to accomplish
Work to be produced
Quality filters to be applied

Three lists that define a task set

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Numeric measure that ensure that the software meets a set of basic criteria

What is a Process Assessment

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What is a Waterfall process model

A linear sequential model that accommodate the Generic Framework Activities.

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Easy to plan
Works for small projects
Easy testing & analysis

What are advantages of the Waterfall process model

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Doesn’t accommodate change / Testing occurs late / Client approval at the end only
Which process model?

What are disadvantages of Waterfall process model:

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Incremental model. Quick design leads to construction of Prototypes
Describes which process model?

What is the Prototype process model

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Small impact on changes / Client involved early and often / Works for small projects / Reduced risk of rejected product
Describes which process model?

What are advantages of Prototype process model:

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Client may cause delays / Risk implementation of compromised - throwaway prototypes / Hard to plan and manage Which process model?

What are disadvantages of Prototype process model:

Incremental model. Evolutionary design to accommodate a product that grows and changes Which process model?

What defines a Spiral process model

Continuous client involvement / Dev. risks easy to manage / Good for large, complex projects / Good for extensible products Describes which process model?

Advantages of Spiral process model

Project hard to manage Risk analysis failures Requires expert dev. team Describes which process model?

Disadvantages of Spiral process model

Iterative & Incremental process flow model. Provides an evolutionary feel Responds best to modern software development. Describes which process model?

What defines a Unified process model

``` Emphasis on quality of documentation Continuous client involvement Easily accommodates changes Good for maintenance projects Combines iterative and incremental process flows Describes which process model? ```

What are Advantages of Unified process model:

Overlapping phases can cause problems / Difficult software increment integration / Use cases not always precise / Requires expert team Cons of which Process model?

Disadvantages of Unified process model:

Name four Agile process models

Scrum / Extreme Programming / Kanban / DevOps

Emphasizes rapid delivery of operational software by adopting the client as part of the dev team.

What is the basic concept of the Agile process model

Allows the software team to accommodate changes late in the project, thus flattens the curve of cost and changes.

What is the effect on costs in Agility models

Incremental development strategy must be implemented Requires constant customer feedback Prototypes - Increments - must be delivered in short time periods Client must evaluate software regularly and influence the adaptations made Describe the rules for which process model?

What are four basic rules of Agile process

Delivering a working software that meet customer needs, as rapidly as possible.

Name the basic Principle of Agile process model

Motivated individuals using face-to-face communication Self-organizing Working at a sustainable pace Introspective team culture focusing on "improving".

What defines an Agile Team

The most widely used Agile model. Within each Activity, tasks take place in short-time periods called Sprints. Work conducted in Sprints is adapted and modified in real time.

What defines a Scrum framework

A prioritized list of product requirements that provide value to the client

What is a Product Backlog

Backlog refinement meeting Sprint planning Daily Team meetings (plan for 24 hours of work) Sprint review (Approve or reject) Sprint retrospective (start another Sprint) Defines which Agile model?

What are the Five steps of a Scrum process

``` Team owns decision making Product owner sets priorities through backlogs Light on documentation Good for frequent updating Describes which Agile model? ```

Advantages of Scrum model

``` Difficult to control cost of changes Not always suitable for large teams Lots of meetings Requires expert team Describes which Agile model? ```

Disadvantages of Scrum model

Planning Design Coding Testing

What are the four Process Framework Activities of XP programming

Written by the client, features required output and functionality of the desired software. Needed for XP project

Define User Stories in XP programming

Begins with: Team gets User Story Estimate costs Develops stories and groups Develop first Increments (First project release) Computes the Project Velocity (amount of stories to be included) Estimate delivery date Describes which of the four XP steps?

Planning step in XP

``` "Keep it Simple" principle Use of CRC cards as a mechanism Operation prototypes designs creation Refactoring (modifying/optimizing code design) Describes which XP step? ```

Explain Design step in XP

Team develops a series of Unit Tests that will exercise each story that will be included in the release (key concept: two coders per computer)

Define XP Coding step

Automated Unit tests executed daily Acceptance tests defined by client Focus on functionality Describes which XP activity?

What is XP Testing

``` Emphasizes client involvement Establishes rational plans and schedules High developers commitment to project Reduced likelyhood of rejection of product Describes which Agile model? ```

Advantages of XP Process Model:

Temptation to ship compromised Prototypes Requires frequent meetings about increasing costs Automated unit tests executed daily Allows for excessive changes Requires highly skilled team members Cons of which Agile process model?

Disadvantages of XP Process Model

- Board ("to do" cards) - Finish task before moving to another - Managing workflow to reduce wastes - Make explicit process policies - Feedback loops for continuous improvement - Involve all stakeholders and making process changes collaboratively

Six core practices of Kanban Process Framework

``` Lower budget & time requirements Allows early product delivery Process policies written down Continuous process improvement using feedback loops Describes which Agile process model? ```

Advantages of Kanban Process Model

Team collaboration skills determine success Poor business analysis can doom the project Flexibility can cause developers to lose focus Developers reluctance to use measurement Describes which Agile process model?

Disadvantages of Kanban Agile Process Model

Basic rule of DevOps model

Several stages loop continuously until desired product exists

Continuous: - Development (multiple Sprints) - Testing (multiple increments at once) - Integration (code pieces to existing code) - Deployment (to production environment) - Monitoring (in the production environment) Describes the five activities of which Agile model?

Name the Five Activities of the DevOps model:

``` Reduced time to code deployment Team has Devs and an Operation staff Team has end-to-end project ownership Proactive monitoring of deployed product Describes which Agile model? ```

What are advantages of DevOps Model

Pressure to work on both new and old code Reliance on automated tools to be effective Deployment may affect the production environment Requires expert dev. team Cons of which Agile model?

Disadvantages of DevOps Model:

- Beware of linear processes - Do not plan too big up-front requirements - Requirements gathering may not reduce costs - Appropriate management is integral - Documents should evolve with the software - Involve stakeholders early and frequently - Testers need involvement prior to software construction

Important Principles that should be considered when organizing software projects

Which type of process model: Provide better basis for adaptable process changes. Involve clients early and often. Reduce the risk of creating a product that won't be accepted.

What defines Incremental Process Models

This type of process must adapt incrementally. Requires client feedback Not for high-risk, large projects Easy changes / Easy to manage / Easy partial delivery Minimal documentation / risk management Continuous improvement / Tester / Stakeholder interaction

Characteristics of Agile Processes

``` Not for small, low risks projects Hard on changes Several steps required / high documentation Early testing / Stakeholder involvement Formal project & risk management Improvement handled at the end Project end not always obvious Describes which process model? ```

Characteristics of Spiral Processes:

- Requirement Engineering (gather user stories) - Preliminary Architectural Design (paper prototypes) - Estimate Resource Requirements (use historic data) - First Prototype (most important user stories) - Test Prototype (dev. team & users) - Go / No Go decision (determine quality of prototype) - Evolve System (new prototype) - Release Candidates (acceptance testing) - Software Maintenance (keep software operational)

Name all the recommended steps of an Agile Process

``` This recommended Agile step includes: Encourage Stakeholder participation Use simple models & non-engineer jargon Get the Big picture Take time to explain Allow the dev team to refine requirements 'just in time'. ```

Good practices when Agile Requirement Engineering

Recommended Agile step includes: Focus on key attributes Document architecture design decisions Combine customer-visible features and the infrastructure needed. Enable code maintainability and evolvability Continuously manage and synchronize dependencies

Good practices when Preliminary Architectural Design

This recommended Agile step includes: Use historic data to estimate time to complete each user stories Organize User Stories into Sprints Determine number of Sprints needed Sum number of days to complete each Sprint Revise estimates as requirements are added

Good practices when making Resource Requirement Estimates

This recommended Agile step includes: Select subset of the most important user stories Transition from paper to software prototype Include user interface in prototype Create virtual prototype Test prototype Keep development & deployment in mind

Good practices when Constructing First Prototype

This recommended Agile step includes: Create test cases while prototype is being designed Provide 'scaffolding' to get prototype feedback from user Test on the right people (user & dev team) Allow user to contribute ideas Keep open mind

Good practice when Evaluating - Testing Prototype

This recommended Agile step includes: Determine quality of current prototype After prototype is evaluated, stakeholders decide whether to continue with the development of the product. Revise time and cost estimates Determine risks of failing to meet expectations Get commitment from stakeholders to provide resources needed to create the next prototype.

Good practice while Go/No Go process

This Recommended Agile step includes: Define new Prototype scope Same process as initial prototype Assess risk of continuing evolution

Good practices in Prototype Evolve System

This recommended Agile step includes: Prototype considered is subject to user-acceptance test Document defects identified If changes are made, needs to be a second-round of testing Share quality risks with management Lessons learned help for future development

Good practices when Releasing a new Candidate

``` This recommended Agile step includes: Understand code before making changes Test software after making changes Document all changes Communicate known defects to all stakeholders Keep software operational after release ```

Good practices for Software Maintenance

Name four different types of software maintenance

Corrective / Adaptive / Perfective / Preventive

Define Corrective maintenance

Reactive modification of software to fix problems discovered after deployment.

Define Adaptive maintenance

Reactive modification of software after delivery to keep it usable in the user environment.

Define Perfective maintenance

Proactive software modification after delivery to provide new features, better code structure and improved documentation

Define Preventive maintenance

Proactive modification after delivery to correct product faults before users discovery

- Sense of responsibility (do what needs done) - Sense of awareness (of team & client) - Sense of fairness (avoid conflicts) - Realistic and honest (about flaws) - Resilient under pressure - Attention to detail (criteria) - Pragmatic (adapts under circumstances)

What are 7 traits of successful software engineers

- Purpose & Involvement - every member feels valued - Trust - skills of peers and managers - Sense of Improvement - encouragement - Diversity of skill sets - complement each other

What are Attributes of a successful Software Team

- Frenzied atmosphere - High frustrations - Poorly coordinated software model - Unclear definition of roles - Repeated exposure to failure

Five factors that create a toxic environment:

Difficulty of project / Size of project / Lifetime of project / Degree of communication / Degree of modularization / Quality required / Delivery date

Project factors affecting team culture

- Planning kept to minimum - High communication between team & stakeholders - Group collaboration & use of each member's skills - Self-organizing, Autonomy, Adaptive structure

Characteristics of successful Agile model teams

Good ways Social Media affects Software Engineering?

- Allows for engineers to connect easily with individuals who share same project, goals, skills. - The value of Social Networking tools grows as the team size increases.

Negative ways Social Media affects Software Engineering

- Privacy & Security issues | - Threat of uncontrolled disclosures

Factors: Complexity of the problem Different views of the problem Uncertainty and risks associated with the decisions made and their effect on the project

What are Four factors that affect decision making in a software team

Explain the Law of Unintended Consequences

When the work associated with a decision has unintended effect on another project objective.

Communication / Planning / Modeling / Construction / Deployment

Small number of activities applicable to all software projects [Process Framework Activities]

Waterfall (Sequential) Prototyping (Incremental) Spiral (Incremental) Unified (Iterative & Incremental)

What are the Four Main Process Models and their Process Flows

Scrum XP Kanban DevOps

What are the Four Agile Model Frameworks

Software Engineering Ch1-5 Flashcards

(88 cards)