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Envirothon: Soils > Soil > Flashcards

Soil Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is the study of soil?

A

pedology

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2
Q

Derivatives of pedology

A

Pedon (soil) and Logos (reason)

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3
Q

Russian soil scientist

A

Dokuchaev

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4
Q

How do soils form?

A

They develop over identical bedrock exposed to various climates

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5
Q

Who introduced the idea that climate plays a major role in soil formation to the US?

A

Marbut

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6
Q

5 Categories of Soil Influence

A
  1. Parent material
  2. Climate since accumulation
  3. Plant and animal life
  4. Land relief
  5. Time other factors have interacted
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7
Q

What climatic forces act on the parent material?

A

Precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind

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8
Q

What is immature soil?

A

Lacks well-developed layers

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9
Q

What is a profile?

A

Vertical column of soil

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10
Q

What are horizons in a profile?

A

Soil layers

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11
Q

What is the O Horizon?

A

Dominated by Organic material such as leaves, lichens, etc.

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12
Q

How deep is the O Horizon?

A

0-2 inches

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13
Q

What is the A Horizon?

A

AKA the surface layer in a soil survey, Accumulation of organic matter and minerals

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14
Q

In which horizon does most root activity occur in plants?

A

A Horizon

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15
Q

How deep is the A Horizon?

A

2-10 inches

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16
Q

How deep is the B Horizon?

A

10-30 inches

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17
Q

How deep is the C Horizon?

A

30-48 inches

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18
Q

What makes up the E Horizon?

A

Sand and silt-sized particles

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19
Q

What is lost in the E Horizon?

A

Silicate clay, iron, aluminum

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20
Q

Which horizon is referred to as subsoil?

A

B Horizon

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21
Q

What horizon is known as the “zone of accumulation?”

A

B Horizon

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22
Q

What is leaching?

A

Water moves nutrients from the A Horizon to the B Horizon

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23
Q

Which horizon is referred to as the “zone of leaching?”

A

A Horizon

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24
Q

Why are some minerals drawn upwards from lower soil layers?

A

High evaporation rates and plant absorption

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25
What is the fragipan layer?
Dense, nearly impermeable subsurface layer
26
What is claypan?
Fragipan layering caused by extreme soil compactness
27
What is hardpan?
Cementation of soil particles
28
What are layers of soil cemented by calcium carbonate called?
Caliche
29
What are layers of soil cemented by iron oxide called?
Ironpan
30
What horizon is known as the substratum?
C Horizon
31
What is the lowest horizon?
R Horizon
32
a
highly decomposed organic materials
33
b
buried soil horizon
34
c
concretions — grains, pellets, or nodules of various sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains
35
d
physical root restriction
36
e
organic material of intermediate decomposition
37
f
frozen soil
38
g
strong gleying — soil that is formed under poor drainage, resulting in the reduction of iron and other elements and in gray colors and mottles
39
h
alluvial accumulation of organic matter
40
i
slightly decomposed organic matter
41
k
accumulation of carbonates
42
m
cementation
43
n
accumulation of sodium
44
o
residual accumulation of sesquioxides
45
p
tillage or other disturbance
46
q
accumulation of silica
47
r
weathered or soft rock
48
s
alluvial accumulation of sesquioxides and organic matter
49
t
accumulation of alluvial clay
50
v
plinthite
51
w
development of color or structure
52
x
fragipan character
53
y
accumulation of gypsum
54
z
accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum
55
Soil separate: very coarse sand
2.0-1.0 mm
56
Soil separate: coarse sand
1.00–0.50 mm
57
Soil separate: medium sand
0.50–0.25 mm
58
Soil separate: fine sand
0.25–0.10 mm
59
Soil separate: very fine sand
0.10–0.05 mm
60
Soil separate: coarse silt
0.05–0.005 mm
61
Soil separate: fine silt
0.005–0.002 mm
62
Soil separate: clay
less than 0.002 mm
63
What is mechanical analysis?
Process by which soil separates are obtained
64
How many textural class names exist?
12
65
12 Textural Class Names
sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay, clay loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, and silt

Envirothon: Soils (3 decks)

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