Soil Erosion -C7 Flashcards by Mary Juliana Troza

are the weathering products
of rocks and minerals

Soils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Soils are living, dynamic system
which forms in response to forces
exerted by:

climate
b. living organisms
c. parent material
d. topography/relief
e. time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The soil is home to a large proportion of the
world’s ____

Biodiversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It takes 1,000 yearsto form a____cm
thick layer of soil

2.5 cm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Process which lowers the
current or future capacity of
the soil to produce goods or
services.

Soil degradation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Total land area that had been degraded

70% or 21M ha

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physical characteristics of
degraded soil

Low moisture retention

Slow water infiltration

Soil compaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical characteristics of
degraded soi

Low pH (<5.5 pH-strongly acid)

High concentration of soluble toxic ions
(Al, Fe, Mn)

Low cation exchange capacity (CEC)

Low base saturation (Ca, Mg, K)

Low organic matter content and low npk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by natural (due to soil
formation) or can be caused by human activities such as:
a. Continuous application of
ammonium sulfate
b. Intensive cultivation without
addition of nutrients
c. Draining coastal areas

Soil acidification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Removal of fertile organic matter
due to erosion exposes the
______which is generally acidic
and less fertile.

Subsoil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by deforestation, burning
crop residues, conventional
tillage, and overgrazing

Loss of nutrient and organic matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Continuous removal of
nutrients without addition
in the form of fertilizer

Nutrient mining

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Due to saltwater intrusion
and the use of saline
water to irrigate
agricultural fields

Salinization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Due to indiscriminate use
of agro-chemicals and
accumulation of toxic
heavy metals from the
industry, mining and
agricultural activities

Pollution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by long-term use of
farm equipment in
intensively cultivated lands
and by overgrazing

Soil compaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A process that transforms
soil into sediments

Soil erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wearing away of a field’s
topsoil by the natural
physical forces of water and
wind or through forces
associated with farming
such as tillage

Soil erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give 5 causes of soil degradation in PH

Soil acidification
Loss of nutrient and organic matter
Salinization
Nutrient mining
Pollution
Soil compaction
Soil erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ff are drivers of soil
erosion except:

Overgrazing
Deforestation
Intensive cultivation
Improper soil management
Cultivation of steeps slopes
Urbanization
Pollution
Mining
Waste disposal

Pollution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why Philippines has higher
erosion rates?

Steep slopes

Highly erodible soils-

High rainfall erosivity-

Poor vegetative cover in cultivated lands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

soil erosion that takes place naturally without the
influence of human activities

Geologic erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the types of erosion?

Geologic erosion

Accelerated erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

human influenced erosion (e.g., over grazing,
deforestation, plowing hillside up & down)

Accelerated erosion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the types of damaged
caused by erosion?

On-site damage

2.Off-site damage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ff are on-site damage caused by erosion. EXCEPT: a. Reduction of soil fertility b. Reduction of biological activity c. increases soil compaction d. Eutrophication

Examplws of offsite damage

A. Spread of plant diseases b. Eutrophication c. Water pollution d. Damages from sediments e. Health hazard f. Periodic flooding

Types of water erosion

Sheet erosion Rill erosion Gully erosion

Uniform erosion from the entire soil surface

Sheet erosion

Water concentrates in small channel (rills) as it runs off the soil

Rill erosion

Advanced stage of rill erosion ❑ Deep channels that cannot be erased by cultivation

Gully erosion

What are the different processes of water erosion?

Detachment 2. Transportation 3. Deposition

Factors affecting erosion

Rainfall erosivity (R) 2. Soil erodibility (K) Slope gradient and length (LS) Cover and management factor (C) Management factor (P)

• Is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist erosion

Soil erodibility

High levels of OM, granular structure, and sandy and loamy textured soils are less erodible than silt and clay textured soil T or F?

True

• Intense rain have large drop size which results in Lower detachment of particles T or f

False- GREATER DETACHMENT

Higher rate of rainfall, the more run off occurs providing the means to transport detached particles. T or f

Few torrential downpours may result in lesser damage T or F

F - RESULTS IN GREATER DAMAGE

____ are heavy in bare soil

Soil looses

(Factors affecting erosion) High infiltration, less run-off and less surface ponding

Soil erodibility (K)

Soil erosion increases if the soil has vegetative cover of plants and/or crop residues. T or f

F - • Soil erosion increases if the soil has NO OR VERY LITTLE vegetative cover

T or f Undisturbed forest and dense grass provide the best soil protection

to reduce most of the erosion on annual roc- crop land, leave a residue cover greater than ___% after harvest

30%

runoff and sediments are caught in a tray and led through pipes to collecting tanks which retain all, or a fixed proportion of the plot output.

Erosion plots

nails or steel rods inserted into the ground to determine which ground advances and ground retreats

Erosion pins

soil erosion is measured by using isotope caesium- 137 (137 Cs). Stable and uneroded soil accumulate 137 Cs within the upper soil profile while eroded soils will lose adsorbed 137 Cs.

tracers/radioisotopes

receiving reservoir) were dug at the lower part of the slope to catch eroded sediments

Catchpits

It allows generating rainfall with a known intensity and duration on an erosion plot in a controlled manner, making it possible to quantify superficial runoff and soil loss, while at the same time allowing a very detailed erosion predictions.

Rainfall simulator

Models to predict erosion

Water erosion prediction project (WEPP) Universal soil loss equation (USLE) 1970 Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE)

Set of equations that interrelate information on rainfall, soil, topography, vegetation and management • Simulation model that computes on a daily basis

Water erosion prediction project (WEPP)

Equation of Universal soil loss equation (USLE) 1970

A= R*K*LS*C*P

Uses the same basic factors with improved accuracy of soil-loss prediction

Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE)

Is the protection of the soil against deterioration, loss, impoverishment or depletion of the soil’s capabilities

soil conservation

The ff are Mechanical or structural methods on soil and water conservation and erosion control. EXCEPT 1. Terracing 2. Contour rock walls 3. Gabions 4. Riprap 5. Ground cover 6.Stone wall 7. Farm ponds 8. Check dams

5. Ground cover

The practice of plowing, harrowing, and furrowing along the contour of the land

Contour farming

are level lines across a slope at a constant elevation

Contours

This practice applies on sloping land where crops are grown

Contour farming

Are narrow live barriers comprising naturally occurring grasses ❑ Napier grass, guinea grass and vetiver grass

Natural vegetative strips (NVS)

T or f NVS can be integrated with fruit trees, timber trees, banana, pineapple

Saan ba me nagkulang?

Charrrrr

leguminous trees are grown simultaneously with agricultural/food crops ❑ Generally practiced in areas with flat to gently rolling topography

Alley cropping system

are usually woody species of tress, shrubs or grasses established across slope and along the contours of an area

Hedgerows

Ideal hedgegrows (atleast 5)

1. Ipil-ipil 7. Kakawate 2. Sesbania grandiflora 8. Acacia villosa 3. Flemingia macrophylla 9. Banana 4. Coffee 10. Jackfruit 5. Citrus 11. Chico 6. Cashew

Distance between contour lines ▪ Stiffer slope=? ▪ Gradual slopes= ?

Stiffer slope=4-6 m Gradual slopes= 7-10 m

NVS Reduce run-off and soil erosion by as much as 97% T or f?

F - alley cropping

Developed by the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center, Davao de Sur ❑ Best suited on steep slopes and in areas with a long rainy season

Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT

Growing plants of different height in the same field at the same time ❑ This is intended to rolling areas with slopes ranging from 18 to 30 percent.

Multi-storey cropping system

Example 1: Coconut- coffee- pine-apple-banana This example is a type of what Soil conservation strategies?

Multi-storey cropping system

Coconut-pine- apple-papaya- peanut This is an example of what Soil conservation strategies?

Multi-storey cropping system

Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land ✔Cassava-soybean ✔ cassava-corn ✔Corn-peanut ✔Corn-mungbean ✔Coconut-cacao

Intercropping

Planting of different crops in successions on the same piece of land

Crop rotation

Planting annual crops with the second crop planted after the first has flowered or nearing harvest ✔Corn with Mungbean ✔ Tomato with Bitter Gourd ✔Long Beans with Okra

Relay cropping

Are series of level land on sloping land

Terracing

The higher the slope, the narrower will be the width of the terraces T or f

Pag pray na makapasar ta

Lord, papasara me. Love u po

Growing of crops to cover the soil such as kudzu and centrosema

Cover crops

Tolerates shade and waterlogging, creeping and twining

Calopogonium and centrosema

Permanent structures which are built in areas with abundant rocks ❑ A-frame is made to use contour lines

Contour rock walls

Use of large wire crates filled with stones acting as retaining wal

. Gabions

Rock fitted/piled on the top of each other to form a retaining wall

Riprap

Used to stabilize hillsides, road banks and stream banks

Riprap

Designed to prevent soil erosion that perennially damages roads, drainage systems, bridges and mountainsides in the upland region

Coconets

Uses depression on the farm, especially in heavily gullied area to impound water and minimize potential run-off

. Water impounding dam

Collect and store surface run-off water during the rainy season for immediate and future use

Water impounding dam

Ways to fertilize? Atleast 5

1. Injection 2. Surface broadcast (without incorporation) 3. Surface broadcast (incorporated) 4. Banded application 5. Row placement 6. Fertigation 7. Foliar application 8. Side dressing 9. Top dressing 10. Perforating 11. Basal

Used to place liquid or gaseous fertilizer below the soil near plant roots (anhydrous ammonia) • Advantages: reduce losses through precise application of nutrients • Disadvantages: slow, expensive (requires specialized equipment)

Injection

Method by which fertilizer is applied on the surface across an entire field. • Advantages: fast, economical • Disadvantages: high nutrients losses, low uniformity, P efficiency is only ¼ that of banding

Surface broadcast

Uniform distribution of fertilizer on the soil surface followed by plowing or disking to incorporate the material. • Advantages: reduce losses compared to broadcast, improves plant uptake • Disadvantages: slow, non- uniform application, erosion risk

Surface broadcast (incorporated)

Also known as STARTER APPLICATION . Fertilizer is applied in bands either to the side and below the seeds. • Advantages: high nutrient use efficiency, jump-starts early growth, slows nitrification of N, reduce the risk of leaching • Disadvantages: costly, slow, risk of salt burn to plants

Banded Application

Fertilizer is applied in continuous bands on one or both side of the row • Applicable for crops like sugarcane, potato, maize, cereals and etc. sown close together in rows

Row Placement (Band Placement)

Distribution with water- soluble fertilizers and chemical through an irrigation system

Fertigation

Application of a small amount of fertilizer through direct spraying onto leaves • Application rate: 0.5% or below • Advantages: rapid uptake • Disadvantages: phytotoxicity, limited to small and/or repeated application

Foliar Application

When fertilizer is applied between rows or young plants to provide a boost during periods of rapid growth and nutrient uptake

Side dressing

Broadcast application of fertilizer on top of growing crops (e.g., rice, corn, forage during their vegetative stage)

Topdressing

Placing fertilizer in 12’’-18’’ holes drilled 18’’ to 24’’ around the canopy drip line of fruit trees. •Cover the holes and fertilizer slowly dissolves •Typically done of fruit and nut trees

Perforating

Applying and incorporating of fertilizers into the soil before or at sowing •Done by digging a hole where fertilizer is applied and then covered with 2 inches dept of soil

Basal

Unsay PINAKA UNA na libro sa bible

Page one

Soil Erosion -C7 Flashcards

(96 cards)