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Soil Lec (Reading Assignments) Flashcards

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1
Q

principles of erosion

A
  1. limit detachment
  2. limit transport
  3. reduce runoff, increase infiltration, roughen surface and reduce slope
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2
Q

types of check dams

A
  1. masonry check dam
  2. rock / stone check dam
  3. earth check dam
  4. pole / log check dam
  5. brushwood check dam
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2
Q

Structural / Mechanical Methods

A
  1. terracing
  2. countour canals
  3. contour rock walls
  4. gabions
  5. riprap
  6. stone wall
  7. farm ponds / water impounding dams
  8. check dams / drop weirs
  9. drainage systems / canals
  10. diversion ditches
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2
Q

They are more permanent structures that are built in areas with large rocks

A

Contour Rock Walls

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2
Q

True or False

terracing is considered a traditional practice in the cordillera areas

A

true

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2
Q

Construction of earthen embankment adjusted to soil and slope tocontrol runoff. It is primarily designed to control runoff in areas of high rainfall andconservation of water in low rainfall areas

A

Terracing

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2
Q

A shallow ditch that runs horizontally across the slope following the contour of the land

A

Contour Canals

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2
Q

Simple structure that can stop gully erosion by slowing down the water flowinthe drainage system

A

Check Dams/ Drop Weirs

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2
Q

Rocks or stones are loosely piled up but with sufficient overlap to produce a single effect forming a check dam

A

Rock/Stone Check Dam

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2
Q

Involves the use of stones as walling material

A

Stone Wall

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2
Q

Use loose earth (clay materials) for check dam construction

A

Earth Check Dam

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2
Q

Use of poles or logs as check dam materials

A

Pole/Log Check Dam

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3
Q

Rocks fitted/piled on the top of each other to form a retaining wall

A

Riprap

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3
Q

Use of large rectangular wire crates filled with stones acting as retainingwall

A

Gabions

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3
Q

Depression on the farm, especially in heavily gullied areas

A

Farm Ponds/ Water Impounding Dams

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3
Q

Used in gullies or stream channels with high rates of runoff or where vegetation cannot be established

A

Masonry Check Dam

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3
Q

refers to the systematic planting of different crops in succession on the same piece of land

A

Crop rotation

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3
Q

Involves the growth of cover crops such as grasses and / or legumes to protect the soil/ground surface from the impacts of raindrops whichcausesdetachment and dispersion

A

Cover cropping

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3
Q

refers to growing row crops and soil conserving crops in alternate strips aligned on the contour

A

Strip cropping

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3
Q

Biological/Agronomic Approach

A
  1. cover cropping
  2. multiple cropping
  3. strip cropping
  4. crop rotation
  5. relay cropping
  6. mulching
  7. contour hedgerows
  8. contour buffer strip planting
  9. alley cropping
  10. fascines
  11. wattling
  12. brush cover
  13. brench brush layers
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3
Q

Use to divert runoff from gully head to prevent further enlargement and facilitate gully control works

A

Diversion Ditches

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3
Q

These are small channels/canals that run vertically on the slope

A

Drainage Systems/Canals

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3
Q

Use of brushwood (sprouting or non sprouting) that are packed firmly between two rows of post-drive across the gully bed

A

Brushwood Check Dam

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3
Q

A line usually planted to perennials close together to form a living wall; this wall blocks the rainwater pathway while the soil is caught behind theplants

A

Contour Hedgerows

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3
consists of interwoven brushwood fences in shallow trenches 25 cm deep where pegs are driven 50 to 70 cm apart between in which sprouting branches of species are woven
Wattling
3
A narrow strip may be required near the base to avoid soil erosion resulting from the accumulation of unabsorbed water from the above slopes
Contour buffer strip planting
3
practice of planting annual crops with the second crop planted after the first crop has flowered or nearing harvest
Relay cropping
4
possible species used as hedgerows in SALT include
* Leucaena leucocephala * L. diversifolia * Calliandra calothyrsus * Gliricidia sepium * Flemingia macrophylla * Desmodium rensonii
4
bundles of long and dense brushwood of varying lengths
Fascines
4
what does SALT mean
SLOPING AGRICULTURAL LAND TECHNOLOGY
4
is the practice that involves covering the soil with crop residues such as straw, corn stalks, palm fronds, or standing stubbles
Mulching
4
thirty degrees cut, slightly inclining towards the slope of about 1 m in width is constructed, and the branches are overlain in a netted manner
Brench brush layers
4
Involves the establishment of woody hedgerows, usually leguminous trees, at regular intervals along the contours and the planting of agricultural in "alleys" formed between hedgerows
Alley cropping
4
brushwoods are laid covering the whole soil surface in the formof a mat
Brush cover
4
A simple, applicable, low-cost method of upland farming
SALT
5
* an important component of Sustainable Agriculture * one of its important strategy is enhancing the natural nutrient cycling processes
Integrated Nutrient Management
6
nutrient cycle is also known as ____
ecological recycling
7
referred to as the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic substances (matter) back into living matter production
Nutrient Cycle
8
# True or False In a **closed nutrient cycle**, nutrient inputs and nutrient outputs are balanced
True
9
The best exampleof anefficient closed nutrient cycle is ____
tropical rainforest
10
Nutrient cycles can be "closed" ____ or ____
negatively open ; positively open
10
Additions into the cycle can come from
* Depositions from the atmosphere * Biological nitrogen fixation * Leaching from the live vegetation * Return of nutrients with the dead biomass * Weathering of soil minerals * Application of fertilizers, manures, and soil amendments
11
Initially, each soil will have a pool of plant-available nutrients that can enter the cycle. Nutrient losses from the pool of plant-available nutrients can occur due to
* fixation (mainly phosphate) * leaching (mainly potassium, calcium, and magnesium) * erosion (all nutrients) * volatilization (mainly nitrogen and sulfur) * removal of nutrients with the harvested biomass (all nutrients)
12
Losses that should be minimized are losses due to
leaching, erosion, volatilization, and fixation
12
# True or False Losses of nutrients resulting from removing the harvested crop can even be termed **unproductive** losses
False | Correct answer: productive
13
# True or False most of the nutrient losses that may occur in the cycle **cannot** be manipulated
False
14
nutrient removed with the harvested crops, are compensated by the application of fertilizers, manures and soil amendments
Productive nutrient losses
14
Integrated Nutrient Management practices for the degraded uplands
1. Reforestation 2. Vermicomposting 3. Organic Fertilizer 4. Inorganic fertilizers 5. Liming 6. Bio-fertilizers
15
examples of bio-fertilizers
* Rhizobium * Azotobacter * Azospirillum
16
It is the traditional and most widely promoted approach to rehabilitate degraded uplands.
Reforestation
17
An alternative approach for reforestation
use of indigenous tree species (rainforestation) particularly the hardwood Dipterocarp species
17
# True or False rainforestation has been proven effectiveintherestoration of degraded lands in various sites in Leyte
True
17
a soil enhancer for degraded soils being promoted by the government
Vermicomposting
17
They contain both macro and micro elements that help improve the physical, biological, and chemical properties of the soil.
Organic Fertilizer
18
up to ____ of thetotal available nutrients can be found in live or dead vegetative matter
60%
19
Unprocessed or undecomposed organic materials should be incorporated in to the field ____ before transplanting for these materials to be fully decomposed
3 to 4 weeks
19
any material containing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compounds capable of neutralizing soil acidity
Lime
19
Liming material include
* limestone e (bothcalciticand dolomitic) * burnt lime * slaked lime * marl
19
# True or False Lime replaces hydrogen ions and in the process adjust the pH of the soil towards neutrality
True
20
for a material tobeconsidered agricultural lime, it must have a Calcium carbonates equivalent (CCE) of
at least 65%
20
commercially manufactured fertilizers that contain high levels of readily available nutrient elements
Inorganic fertilizers
20
induces better root nodulation in inoculated plants and there by reducing the N requirement of cultivated legume crops such as pulses, oil seeds and legume green manures
Rhizobium
21
can be used for both upland and wetland conditionsandisavailable as carrier-based inoculum
Azospirillum
21
Azotobacter fixes about ____ N/ha under ideal upland conditions and thereby reduces the requirement of nitrogen fertilizers by ____
15-20 kg ; 10-20%
21
* Suitable for upland crops like vegetables, orchard and plantation crops * It is available as carrier-based inoculum
Azotobacter
21
this bio-fertilizer is also recommended for root induction in polybag-raised seedlings of plantation and orchard crops and also for vegetable crops
Azospirillum
21
Azospirillum fixes about ____ N/ha underideal conditions thereby effecting a reduction of ____ in the quantity of N fertilizers required
20-25kg ; 25%

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