Solubility Properties of Organic Compound

Question 1

maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at certain temperature

Answer 1

SOLUBILITY: PHYSICAL PROPERTY

Question 2

The solubility of physical property can be expressed as ____________ at a specific temperature

Answer 2

g solute/100 mL

Question 3

Solubility of Physical Property is affected by these factors except:

a. nature of solute and solvent
b. chemical properties
c. temperature
d. pH
e. pressure

Answer 3

b. Chemical Properties

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE:

A compound is soluble when 3 g of solute dissolves in 100 mL of solvent

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

can be dissolved (used for solid solutes)

Answer 5

Soluble

Question 6

can be dissolved (used for liquid solutes)

Answer 6

Miscible

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE:

Solution Process may be endothermic or exothermic

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

heat was absorbed from the
surrounding (decrease in temperature)

Answer 8

Endothermic

Question 9

heat was released to the surrounding
(increase in temperature)

Answer 9

Exothermic

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE:

NH4Cl in water is Endothermic
NaOH in water is Exothermic

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE:

Solute-Solvent Interaction > Solute-solute interaction, solvent-solvent interaction

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

SOLUTION FORMATION:
* Solvent-Solvent Interaction
* Energy Requiring

Answer 12

Energy Considerations (Enthalpy)

Question 13

What is the requirement of Dissolution Process?

Answer 13

Compatible IMFA of solute and solvent

Question 14

SOLUTION FORMATION:

As the randomness or degree of disorder increases in a system during a process, the higher the tendency for the process to occur spontaneously.

Answer 14

Degree of Disorder (Entropy)

Question 15

DISSOLUTION PROCESS

macroscopic region in matter that is homogeneous in terms of physical properties and composition

Answer 15

Phase

Question 16

violet color dispersed formation of a uniform mixture one phase observed

Answer 16

KMnO4 in H2O

Question 17

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
Rule of Thumb: “Like dissolves like.”
- The stronger the attractive forces between unlike particles, the greater the solubility.

Answer 17

Nature of solute and solvent

Question 18

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
TRUE OR FALSE:

Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents. Nonpolar
or weakly polar compounds dissolve in nonpolar or
weakly polar solvents.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
TRUE OR FALSE:

polar – tetrachloride and hexane
nonpolar – water

Answer 19

FALSE; polar - water
nonpolar - tetrachloride and hexane

Question 20

DISSOLUTION PROCESS
The factor in which a given substance reduces the electrostatic force between charged bodies separated by a vacuum

Answer 20

Dielectric Constant

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE:

1. ion-dipole interaction - between ions and water molecules
2. ion-dipole > h-bonding,
   dipole-dipole > LDF
3. H2O has a low dielectric constant (polar)

Answer 21

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE (water has a high dielectric cosntant (polar)

Question 22

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
TRUE OR FALSE:

Solubility of gases in liquids increases with
increasing pressure.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
for liquid solutions where solute is a gas

Answer 23

Pressure

Question 24

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
_____________ – increases the number of collisions of gas particles with the surface of the liquid.*

Answer 24

Increase in Pressure

Question 25

**FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY** **TRUE OR FALSE:** The quantity of dissolved gas increases, thus, the solubility of gases in liquids increases with increasing pressure.

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

**FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY** **TRUE OR FALSE:** Solubility of gases in liquids **decreases** with increasing temperature.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

**FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY** **TRUE OR FALSE:** Solubility of solids in liquids may either increase or decrease depending on whether the solution process is endothermic or exothermic. § Endothermic - ↑T ↑solubility § Exothermic - ↑T ↓solubility In general, the solubility of a solid increases with increasing temperature.

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

All of the compounds are mainly water soluble **EXCEPT 7 compounds:** a. Acetates (CH3COO–) b. Nitrates, nitrites (NO3– NO2–) c. Group 1 (Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+) d. Group 17 (Cl– Br – I–) e. Pb2+ f. Ag+ g. Hg2 h. Ammonium (NH4+) i. Sulfates (SO42–) j. Hg22+ k. Ca2+ l. Ba2+ m. Sr2+ n. Chlorates, perchlorates (ClO3–, ClO4–)

Answer 28

e. Pb2+ f. Ag+ g. Hg2 j. Hg22+ k. Ca2+ l. Ba2+ m. Sr2+

Question 29

All of the compounds are mainly water soluble **EXCEPT 3 compounds:** a. Carbonates (CO3 2–) b. Group 1 c. NH4+ d. Chromates (CrO42–) e. Hydroxides (OH–) f. Ba2+ g. Phosphates (PO43–) h. Sulfides (S2–) i. Sulfites (SO32–)

Answer 29

b. Group 1 c. NH4+ f. Ba2+

Question 30

the first step in identification of functional group

Answer 30

Solubility Tests

Question 31

What are the solvents for solubility tests?

Answer 31

* solubility in water * nonpolar organic solvent * 5% NaOH * 5% NaHCO3 * 5% HCl * concentrated H2SO4.

Question 32

What is the measurement and procedure of solubility test for solid samples?

Answer 32

* 0.1 g of solid sample * add 2 mL of solvent * tap the tube with finger * determine whether its soluble or insoluble

Question 33

What is the measurement and procedure of solubility test for liquid samples?

Answer 33

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of solvent * tap the tube with finger * determine whether soluble or insoluble

Question 34

What will you do if the substance is **water-soluble?**

Answer 34

* Perform diethyl ether test * Determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 35

What are the class S2 **(insoluble)** substances?

Answer 35

* Salts of organic acids (RCO2Na, RSO3Na); * amine hydrochlorides (RNH3Cl); * amino acids, * polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic functional groups.

Question 36

What will you do if the substance is **ether-soluble?**

Answer 36

* test the pH of the solution using pH paper * test the pH of water (control) - acidic, basic, neutral

Question 37

What are the **Class SA (soluble and acidic)** substances?

Answer 37

* Monofunctional carboxylic acids (≤5 C) * arylsulfonic acids.

Question 38

What are the **Class SA (soluble and basic)** substances?

Answer 38

Monofunctional amines (≤6 C)

Question 39

What are the **Class S1 (soluble and neutral)** substances?

Answer 39

Class S1 – Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitriles, and amides (all≤5 C)

Question 40

What will you do if your substance is **water-insoluble?**

Answer 40

* Perform 5% NaOH test * Determine if i is soluble or insoluble

Question 41

Class A1 – Strong organic acids: carboxylic acids (>6 C); phenols with electron-withdrawing groups in the ortho and/or para positions; β-diketones (1,3-diketones) are examples of:

Answer 41

Naoh soluble

Question 42

Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters with one functional group and (>5C but <9C), ethers, epoxides, alkenes, alkyls, some aromatic compounds (especially those with activating groups) are what kind of class?

Answer 42

Class N (96% h2so4 soluble)

Question 42

What will you do if your substance is **NaOH-soluble?**

Answer 42

* Perform 5% NaHCO3 test * Determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 43

Class A2 – Weak organic acids: phenols, enols, oximes, imides, sulfonamides, thiophenols, (all>5 C) β- diketones (1,3-diketones); nitro compounds with α-hydrogens are example of:

Answer 43

NaOH insoluble

Question 44

What will you do if your substances are **HCl-Insoluble?**

Answer 44

* perform concentrated H2SO4 test * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 45

Saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, aryl halides, other deactivated aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers are what kind of class?

Answer 45

Class I (06% h2so4 insoluble)

Question 45

What are the measurement and procedure for **Water Soluble Test?**

Answer 45

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of dH2O * tap the tube with finger * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 45

What will you do if your substance is **NaOH-insoluble?**

Answer 45

* perform 5% HCl test * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 46

Aliphatic amines (all ≥ 8 C); anilines (only one phenyl group attached to nitrogen); some ethers are what class?

Answer 46

Class B (HCl Soluble)

Question 47

Miscellaneous neutral compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur and having more than five carbon atoms are what kind of class?

Answer 47

Class MN (5% HCL insoluble)

Question 47

What are the measurement and procedure for **Diethyl Ether Solubility Test?**

Answer 47

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of diethyl ether * tap the tube with finger * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 48

What will you do if your sample is soluble in **Diethyl Ether Solubility Test?**

Answer 48

* Perform pH paper test * Determine if acidic, basic, neutral

Question 49

What are the procedure and measurement for **5% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility Test?**

Answer 49

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of 5% Sodium Hydroxide * tap the tube with finger * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 50

What are the procedure and measurement for **5% Sodium Bicarbonate Solubility Test?**

Answer 50

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of 5% Sodium Bicarbonate * tap the tube with finger * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 51

What are the procedure and measurement for **5% Hydrochloric Acid Solubility Test?**

Answer 51

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of 5% HCl * tap the tube with finger * determine if it is soluble or insoluble

Question 52

What are the procedure and measurement for **Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Solubility Test?**

Answer 52

* 4 drops of liquid sample * add 2 mL of concentrated H2SO4 * tap the tube with finger * soluble or insoluble

Question 53

What are the samples that we will be using?

Answer 53

* alanine * aniline * benzoic acid * methylamine