Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMP 102 > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharmacy relevance of dissolution?

A

Absorption
Formulation
Medicine incompatibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In what state do drugs need to be in to be absorbed?

A

Aqueous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When can dissolution occur?

A

Dissolution can only occur if the attractive force between drug molecule and solvent molecule is greater than between the drug molecules itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What effects solubility of a solute structure?

A

Small change in molecular structure
Polarity
OH group
Salt formation
solute substituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do solute substituents alter solubility?

A

Charged functional groups are more hydrophilic and therefore more soluble.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do polar solvents dissolve?

A

Dissolve ionic solutes by reducing the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystalline solids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can semi-polar solvents dissolve?

A

Polar and non-polar substances
Solvent molecular dipole moment or H bonding groups enable polar solutes to be dissolved.
Induce a degree of polarity in non polar solvent molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can non polar solvents dissolve?

A

Dissolve non polar compounds only
Unable to break covalent bonds
Low dielectric constant and lack of H bonding groups prevent these solvents from dissolving ionic or polar solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What other factors determine solubility?

A

Temperature (rise in temp= more soluble)
Polymorphism/solvates/hydrates (less stable polymorphs are more soluble)
Particle size
pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What phase are oral solutions in?

A

Monophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are pharmaceutical solutions?

A

Liquid preparations in which the therapeutic agent and the various excipients are dissolved in the chosen solvent system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the chemical stability in solutions?

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is absorption from an oral solution different from other oral dosage forms?

A

Rapid and complete with greater bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the advantages of liquid oral dosage forms?

A

Easily administered for individuals who have difficulty in swallowing
Immediately available for absorption
Taste-making of bitter therapeutic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the disadvantages of liquid oral dosage forms?

A

Unsuitable for therapeutic agents that are chemically unstable in the presence of water
Poor solubility of certain therapeutic agents
Expensive to shopping as they are bulky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the excipients in solution?

A

Co-solvents
Antioxidants
Antimicrobial preservatives
pH adjusters
Isotonic adjusters
Viscosity enhancers
Chelating agents
Flavourings
Sweeteners
Colouring agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What needs to happen to water for it to be used in non parenteral solutions?

A

Purified by distillation, ion exchange or reverse osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What needs to happen to water to be able to use it for injections?

A

Further purified to remove pyrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the challenge when discussing drug solubility?

A

Attainment if homogeneity in the formulation due to limited aqueous solubility of the therapeutic agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does high solubility at selected pH of formulation mean?

A

Readily incorporated into the vehicle and formulated as an oral solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does moderate solubility at selected pH of formulation mean

A

Solubility enhanced using co-solvents or by related methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does low solubility at selected pH of formulation mean?

A

Formulated as an alternative dosage form

23
Q

What does the dissolution of a therapeutic agent in water involve?

A

Removal of a molecule of the drug from the solid state
Formulation of a cavity within the solvent
Accommodation of the drug molecule into the formed cavity

24
Q

Hay are the physicochemical properties affecting the solubility of therapeutic agents?

A

Molecular weight
Particle size
Solubility
Number of hydrogen bonds
Hydrophilic groups
Crystalline/ amorphous properties
pH dependant
The degree of ionisation

25
Q

What is the acceptable pH range for formulation of oral drug solution?

A

5 to 8

26
Q

What is a co-solvent?

A

Liquid components into a formulation to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs

27
Q

What are cyclodexton complexation ?

A

Enzymatically modified starches composed of glycopyranose units which form a ring of either six, seven or eight units.

28
Q

What are the purposes of excipients?

A

To facilitate the administration of the dosage form
To protect the formulation from issues regarding physical and chemical stability and to enhance the solubility of the therapeutic agent.

29
Q

What are buffers used for as excipients?

A

To control pH
To enhance the stability

30
Q

What are sweetening agents used for as excipients?

A

To increase palatability

31
Q

What are colourants used for as excipients?

A

To import the proffered colour

32
Q

What are flavourings used for as excipients?

A

To mask the taste

33
Q

What are viscosity enhancing agents used for as excipients?

A

To ensure accurate measurements

34
Q

What are antioxidants used for as excipients?

A

To enhance the stability

35
Q

What are chelating agents used for as excipients?

A

To form complexes with heavy-metal ions

36
Q

What are preservatives used for as excipients?

A

To control the microbial bio burden

37
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Molecules that exhibit higher oxidative potential than the therapeutic agents

38
Q

What are lactulose oral solutions used for?

A

Lactulose is indicated for use as a laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation in adult or geriatric patients

39
Q

What is the structure of lactulose oral solution?

A

A synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose consists of one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose

40
Q

What excipients are present in lactulose oral solution?

A

Purified water (lactulose is water-soluble)

41
Q

What are oral syrups?

A

Highly concentrated, aqueous solutions of sugar or a sugar substitute

42
Q

What are the major components of oral syrups?

A

Purified water
Sugar

43
Q

What is not present in oral syrups?

A

No sweetening agent
No viscosity modifying agents
No preservatives

44
Q

What are oral elixirs?

A

A clear, hydro alcoholic solution for oral use

45
Q

Why is alcohol required in oral elixers?

A

Ensure all components remain in solution

46
Q

Why is the alcohol present in oral elixers problematic?

A

For patients who wish to avoid alcohol.

47
Q

What are the typical components in oral elixers?

A

Purified water
Alcohol
Polyol cosolvents
Sweetening agents
Flavouring and colourants

48
Q

What is a phenergon elixer?

A

Alcohol free, sugar free antihistamine formulated for the use by children

49
Q

What is contained within phenergon elixers?

A

Promethazine

50
Q

What are linctuses?

A

Viscous preparations that contain the therapeutic agent dissolved in a vehicle composed of a high percentage of sucrose and other sweetening agents

51
Q

What are mouthwashes and gargles used for?

A

For the treatment of infection and inflammation of the oral cavity

52
Q

What does alcohol enhance in mouthwashes and gargles?

A

The anti microbial properties of the therapeutic agents

53
Q

what goverens the attractive forces between solute and solvent?

A

the molecular structure of the solid and the nature of the solvent

54
Q

what type of permittivity do polar solvents have?

A

relative permittivity
(frmerly known as the dielectric constant)

PMP 102 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions