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Solutions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (components) with varying proportions.

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2
Q

What is the component present in the greater quantity in a solution called?

A

Solvent

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3
Q

What are the components in a solution other than the solvent called?

A

Solute

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4
Q

In a solution formed from a solid and a liquid, what is always referred to as the solvent?

A

Liquid

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5
Q

What is an unsaturated solution?

A

A solution that can still dissolve more solute at the same temperature.

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6
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution that can dissolve no more solute at the same temperature.

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7
Q

What is a supersaturated solution?

A

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than it should at a particular temperature.

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8
Q

How can a supersaturated solution be obtained?

A

By cooling a hot concentrated solution of a solid in a liquid in the absence of traces of solids.

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9
Q

What happens when a small crystal of solute is added to a supersaturated solution?

A

The excess solute immediately crystallizes out.

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10
Q

List the types of solutions generally considered.

A
  • Gas in gas
  • Gas in liquid
  • Gas in solid
  • Liquid in liquid
  • Liquid in solid
  • Solid in liquid
  • Solid in solid
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11
Q

Provide an example of gas in gas solution.

A

Air (O2, N2, Ar, and other gases)

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12
Q

Provide an example of gas in liquid solution.

A

Carbonated water

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13
Q

Provide an example of gas in solid solution.

A

H2 in platinum metal (adsorption)

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14
Q

Provide an example of liquid in liquid solution.

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons (gasoline)

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15
Q

Provide an example of liquid in solid solution.

A

Dental amalgam (Hg in Ag)

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16
Q

Provide an example of solid in liquid solution.

A

Sea water (NaCl and other salts in water)

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17
Q

What is a metal alloy example mentioned?

A

14 carat gold (Au and Ag)

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18
Q

What are the concentration units closely related to weight percent for dilute solutions?

A
  • Parts per million (ppm)
  • Parts per billion (ppb)
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19
Q

What is the formula for parts per million (ppm)?

A

Parts per million (ppm) = VAPOUR PRESSURE

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20
Q

What is the formula for parts per billion (ppb)?

A

Parts per billion (ppb) = mass of solute component / total mass of solution

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21
Q

What happens when a liquid is placed in a closed container?

A

It evaporates and converts to vapour, reaching equilibrium where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation.

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22
Q

What is vapour pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the vapours of the liquid on the surface of the liquid and on the walls of the container at equilibrium.

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23
Q

Does vapour pressure depend on the volume or shape of the vessel?

A

No, vapour pressure is constant at a given temperature and does not depend on the vessel’s volume, shape, or the amount of liquid.

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24
Q

What factors does vapour pressure depend on?

A

Vapour pressure depends only on temperature and the nature of the substance.

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25
What happens when a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent?
The vapour pressure of the solution is less than the vapour pressure of the pure liquid.
26
What are the reasons for the reduction in vapour pressure when a non-volatile solute is added?
1. Attraction between solute and solvent molecules. 2. Reduction in the number of solvent molecules per unit area of the surface.
27
What is the nature of a non-volatile solute?
A non-volatile solute is invariably a solid.
28
What is the effect of solute-solvent attraction on vapour pressure?
The attraction between solute and solvent can impact the vapour pressure of a solution. ## Footnote This attraction is dependent on the nature of the solute.
29
How does a non-volatile solute affect solvent molecules?
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved, it occupies the surface of the liquid, reducing the number of solvent molecules per unit area. ## Footnote This reduction diminishes the number of vapour molecules in equilibrium with the liquid.
30
What type of solutions minimize the impact of solute nature on vapour pressure?
Highly dilute solutions minimize the impact of solute nature on vapour pressure. ## Footnote In these solutions, the solute amount is very small, leading to a small change in vapour pressure.
31
What are ideal solutions?
Ideal solutions are infinitely dilute solutions where the lowering of vapour pressure depends only on the amount of solute, not its nature.
32
What does Raoult's Law state?
Raoult's Law states that the partial vapour pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
33
What are the variables in Raoult's Law?
Let X_A and X_B be the mole fractions of solvent (A) and solute (B), and P_A and P_B be their partial pressures.
34
How is the total vapour pressure of a solution calculated?
The total vapour pressure (P) of the solution is given by Dalton's Law of partial pressures: P = P_A + P_B.
35
What happens to the vapour pressure when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a liquid?
The vapour pressure gets reduced
36
What is one reason for the reduction in vapour pressure when a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent?
Reduction in the number of solvent molecules
37
How does a non-volatile solute occupy space in a solution?
It distributes itself homogenously throughout the solution
38
What effect does a non-volatile solute have on the number of vapour molecules in equilibrium with the liquid?
It diminishes the number of vapour molecules
39
In what type of solutions does the nature of the solute play an insignificant role in lowering vapour pressure?
Highly dilute solutions
40
What are infinitely dilute solutions called?
Ideal solutions
41
According to Raoult's Law, what is the relationship between the partial vapour pressure of a component and its mole fraction?
Directly proportional
42
What is the formula for the partial vapour pressure of component A according to Raoult's Law?
PA = PA0 * XA
43
What does PA represent in Raoult's Law?
Partial vapour pressure of component A
44
What is the total vapour pressure (P) of the solution according to Dalton's Law of partial pressures?
P = PA + PB
45
Fill in the blank: The partial vapour pressure of component B is given by _______.
PB = PB0 * XB
46
What does the term 'solvent content' refer to in the context of vapour pressure reduction?
The amount of solvent present in a solution
47
True or False: The reduction of vapour pressure is dependent on the nature of the solute in ideal solutions.
False
48
What are the two causes for the reduction in vapour pressure when a non-volatile solute is added?
1. Solute-solvent attraction 2. Reduction in the number of solvent molecules
49
What do the dotted lines 1 and 2 in the graph represent?
Variations in partial pressure with increasing mole fraction
50
What does the solid line 3 in the graph represent?
The total vapour pressure P exerted by the solution as a whole
51
What are solutions that obey Raoult's Law at all compositions of solute in solvent called?
Ideal Solutions
52
In a binary solution, what is the relationship between %A and %B?
%A + %B = 1
53
What is the partial vapour pressure of a non-volatile solute?
There is no contribution from solute in the vapour phase
54
According to Raoult's law, what is the vapour pressure P equal to in a solution with a non-volatile solute?
P = PA
55
What is the condition for an ideal solution in terms of intermolecular attraction?
Attractions A...A, B...B, and A...B are equal
56
What is the Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure for a solution?
Equal to the mole fraction of the solute
57
What happens to the vapour pressure of the mixture if attraction A...B is greater than the average of A...A and B...B?
The vapour pressure of the mixture is less than the expected value
58
Fill in the blank: The expression for the vapour pressure when the solute is non-volatile is P = _____
PA
59
True or False: An ideal solution will show deviation from Raoult's Law.
False
60
What is the value of AH for an ideal solution?
0
61
What does the term AV represent in the context of ideal solutions?
Change in volume
62
What is the significance of Xp in the context of Raoult's Law?
It indicates the mole fraction of the solute
63
What do the dotted lines 1 and 2 in the graph represent?
Variations in partial pressure with increasing mole fraction
64
What does the solid line 3 in the graph represent?
The total vapour pressure P exerted by the solution as a whole
65
What are solutions that obey Raoult's Law at all compositions of solute in solvent called?
Ideal Solutions
66
In a binary solution, what is the relationship between %A and %B?
%A + %B = 1
67
What is the partial vapour pressure of a non-volatile solute?
There is no contribution from solute in the vapour phase
68
According to Raoult's law, what is the vapour pressure P equal to in a solution with a non-volatile solute?
P = PA
69
What is the condition for an ideal solution in terms of intermolecular attraction?
Attractions A...A, B...B, and A...B are equal
70
What is the Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure for a solution?
Equal to the mole fraction of the solute
71
What happens to the vapour pressure of the mixture if attraction A...B is greater than the average of A...A and B...B?
The vapour pressure of the mixture is less than the expected value
72
Fill in the blank: The expression for the vapour pressure when the solute is non-volatile is P = _____
PA
73
True or False: An ideal solution will show deviation from Raoult's Law.
False
74
What is the value of AH for an ideal solution?
0
75
What does the term AV represent in the context of ideal solutions?
Change in volume
76
What is the significance of Xp in the context of Raoult's Law?
It indicates the mole fraction of the solute

Chemistry (2 decks)

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