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ZOOL 342 > Somatosensation 2 and Motor Cortex > Flashcards

Somatosensation 2 and Motor Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the golgi tendon organ?

A

sensory receptor that detects changes in muscle tension

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2
Q

Muscle spindles consists of __________ intrafusal muscle fibers - of _____ main types. (hint: numbers)

A

8-10 intrafusal fibers; 2 main types

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: shortening the muscles causes depolarizations

A

FALSE: lengthening causes depol

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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of muscle spindles?

A

Ia and II

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the rate of change of muscle length fires in a static (tonic) form in Ia and II afferents.

A

FALSE:
- rate of change of muscle length = dynamic (phasic); Ia
- muscle length = static (tonic); Ia and II

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6
Q

Draw a diagram to show how Ia and II afferents are affected by an increase in muscle tension to a steady state.

A

slide 6; Ia = dynamic/phasic; IIa = static/tonic

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7
Q

What does the golgi tendon organ (GTO) detect? muscle spindles? What kind of fibers are involved?

A
  • GTO = muscle TENSION (GTO-Ib fiber)
  • muscle spindle = rate of change of muscle length (dynamic/Ia); muscle length (static/II)
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8
Q

Draw APs for how changes in muscle length in GTOIb, Ia, and II fibers.

A

slide 8
- GTO-Ib unaffected (does not detect changes in length)
- Ia = most bursting when there is a large and rapid CHANGE (increase or decrease) in muscle length
- II = no bursting, just tonic

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9
Q

What kind of channels are on the golgi tendon organ? muscle spindles?

A

both GTO and muscle spindles have Piezo2 channels

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Group I and II afferents target the dorsal horn of the SC.

A

FALSE: target the VENTRAL horn

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11
Q

which fiber goes to muscle spindles and GTOs? where does it synapse in the SC lamina?

A
  • A-alpha
  • synapse in lamina VII and IX
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12
Q

Which 2 major tracts carry somatosensory information to the brain? What kind of information do they each convey?

A
  • medial lemniscal tract = touch/proprioception
  • spinothalamic tract = pain/temperature
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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the medial lemniscal tract conveys 2nd order info to the cortex, whereas the spinothalamic tract conveys 3rd order info to the cortex

A

FALSE: both tracts convey 3rd order info

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14
Q

Which nucleus in the ML tract conveys touch/proprioceptive info from the upper torso/limbs? lower torso/limbs?

A
  • gracile = upper
  • cuneate = lower
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15
Q

Where does the crossover occur in the ML tract? ST tract?

A
  • ML tract crosses at medulla
  • ST tract crosses directly at spinal cord
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16
Q

Which nucleus in the thalamus is involved in relaying somatosensory information?

A

ventro-posterior subnuclei

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17
Q

Describe the topographic mapping for fine touch and vibration:
- which part of the thalamus does it synapse at?
- which part of the cortex do projections from the thalamus synapse at?

A

VPM (medial) + VPL (lateral) to area 1 and 3b

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18
Q

Describe the topographic mapping for pain and temperature:
- which part of the thalamus does it synapse at?
- which part of the cortex do projections from the thalamus synapse at?

A

VPI (inferior) to S2 (secondary somatosensory cortex)

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19
Q

Describe the topographic mapping for proprioception:
- which part of the thalamus does it synapse at?
- which part of the cortex do projections from the thalamus synapse at?

A

VPS (superior) to area 3a and 2

(note: area 3a can synapse on area 4, which is the motor cortex)

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20
Q

Which area on the cortex does majority of somatosensory info go to?

A

area 3a

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21
Q

What is the term used to describe overrepresentation of “important” areas on the cortex?

A

homunculus

22
Q

The tactile fovea refers to magnification of the ________ and __________.

A

face and hands

23
Q

In what kind of organiztion are whiskers somatotopically mapped in rats?

A

barrel cortex, where each barrel = 1 whisker

24
Q

What percentage of the somatosensory cortex in a star-nosed mole represents the rhinarium?

A

52% (more than half)

(i.e. large representation of the rhinarium in star-nosed mole)

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: rats have a huge trigeminal nerve

A

FALSE: star-nosed moles

(hint: rhinarium on face takes up most of the somatosensory cortex)

26
Q

Which cranial nerve is especially huge in star-nose moles?

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

27
Q

Which tentacle on the star-nose mole nose underlies majority of the cortical area in S1?

A

11

28
Q

How many somatosensory cortices do star-nose moles have?

A

3 (S1-S3)

29
Q

Which somatosensory cortex in the star-nose mole receives information only for the rhinarium?

A

S3

30
Q

While the rhinarium is the most largely represented appendage of the star-nosed mole’s somatosensory cortex, the ____________________ is the most largely represented appendage of the african hedgehog’s somatosensory cortex.

A

micro vibrissae

31
Q

Which appendage is most largely represented in the somatosensory cortex of the naked more rat?

A

incisors and areas around the incisors

32
Q

draw the pathways of info transmission from the brain to the spinal cord.

A

slide 16 (cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerbellum, brainstem, spinal cord)

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: you don’t need cortex for movmenet

A

TRUE

34
Q

What are rhythmic motor patterns produced by?

A

central pattern generators (CPGs)

35
Q

What are CPGs?

A

assemblies of neurons that produce rhythmic patterns of neural activity without rhythmic inputs

36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the MLR is found in the spinal cord

A

FALSE: in brainstem

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: CPGs are found in the spinal cord

A

TRUE

38
Q

What does CPG activity look like in an intact animal’s left and right limbs?

A

rippling (slide 19)

39
Q

Where in the brain do voluntary motor acts begin?

A

the primary motor cortex (MI)

40
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found? What is it responsible for? Where does it relay motor signals to? Is it ipsilateral or contralateral?

A
  • found in frontal lobe
  • responsible for executing voluntary movements
  • relays signals to brainstem and spinal cord
  • contralateral control
41
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the foot and face are very enlarged in the motor homunculus

A

FALSE: HAND and face enlarged

42
Q

What does prolonged stimulation (0.5s) of M1 areas elicit?

A

stereotyped, complex movements

43
Q

What stereotyped movements result from prolonged stimulation to the medial areas of the primary motor cortex?

A

hand to lower torso

44
Q

What stereotyped movements result from prolonged stimulation to the middle areas of the primary motor cortex?

A

arm to the chest

45
Q

What stereotyped movements result from prolonged stimulation to the lateral areas of the primary motor cortex?

A

arm to face

46
Q

Label a diagram of the action zones on the primary motor cortex.

A

slide 26

47
Q

Which action zones are particularly large?

A

reach and grasp

48
Q

What areas of the brain send information to M1 to aid in planning movements?

A
  • supplementary motor cortex (SMA)
  • premotor cortex (PMC)
  • frontal eye field (FEF)
  • posterior parietal motor area (PMA)
49
Q

What does PMC firing signal? When does it fire?

A
  • fire at appearance of cue
  • signal “intention”
50
Q

_____________ neurons fire when performing a task or watching someone else perform the task.

A

mirror

51
Q

What are the 2 regions where mirror neurons are found?

A
  1. F5 in ventral PMC cortex
  2. inferior parietal area in PMA

ZOOL 342 (21 decks)

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