Some Book Review Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Plate boundaries
1-convergent boundary
2-divergent boundary
3-transform fault boundary
A
1-2 plates pushed together (subduction volcanos)
2-2 plates moving away fro each other (rift volcanos)
3-2 plates slide by each other
2
Q
What is subduction
A
Heavy ocean plate is pushed below the other plate and melts as it meets magma
3
Q
Volcano types
1-rift
2-subduction
3-hot spot
A
1- 2 plates move away for each other
2-2 plates collide
3- found in hotspots
4
Q
Igneous rocks
A
Rock is melted and the resolidifies
Ex- solid lava, basalt
5
Q
Sedimentary rocks
A
Sediment compressed by heat and pressure
Ex-limestone
6
Q
Metamorphic rocks
A
Heat and pressure applies
Ex-slate
7
Q
Abiotic vs. biotic
A
A-non living
B-living
8
Q
Particle size
Soil
A
Clay- silt- sand
9
Q
Weathering
- physical
- chemical
- biological
A
Physical- wind and water
Chemical- water and atmospheric gases
Biological- activities of living organism
10
Q
Soil levels O-horizon A-horizon E horizon B C R
A
O- top (humus) and most organic material
11
Q
Monoculture
A
Plating one crop in a large area continuously
12
Q
Soil and water conservation act of 1977
A
Help landowners
13
Q
Atmosphere (coolest to earth)
A
Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere EARTH SURFACE
14
Q
Troposphere
A
Weather takes place here
-temp down as elevation increases
15
Q
Stratosphere
A
Ozone layer
-temp goes up with altitude
16
Q
Mesosphere
A
Meteors burn up here
17
Q
Thermosphere
A
Spaceships orbit here
18
Q
Weather vs climate
A
Weather- day to day
Climate- change that is persistent over 30 years
19
Q
Earths tilt access
A
23.5 degrees
20
Q
Trade winds
A
Northern hemisphere - from northeast
Southern hemisphere -from southeast
21
Q
El niño
A
Cold water displaces warm water on surface
Us-warmer winters
22
Q
La Nina
A
Colder ocean surfaces
-cooler wetter in us
23
Q
Littoral zone (freshwater) Limneric zone (ample light) Profundal zone (dark) Benthic zone (low oxygen and low temp)
A
Where rooted plants grow
24
Q
Ocean zone
Coastal zone -closest to land
Euphoric zone -warmest, most dissolved oxygen
Bathyal zone -middle
Abyssal zone -deepest, darkest, least sun, least oxygen
A
Look at front
25
Water is desist at ?
4 degrees Celsius
26
Water us percents
Irrigation- 73%
| Industrial -21%
27
Biogeochemical cycle
Movement of nutrients through the environment
28
Law of conservation of matter
Can't be created or destroyed
29
Carbon cycle
Respiration (animals and plants)
Photosynthesis
Produced by burning fossil fuels and decaying organic matter
30
Nitrogen cycle
Fixation- nitrogen converted to ammonia
Nitrification- soil bacteria converts ammonia into nitrate(plant food)
Assimilation- plants absorb ammonia
Ammonification-decomposes create ammonia
Denitrification- ammonia converted back into nitrates
31
Phosphorus cycle
Animal and fertilizer run off
| -eutrophication (algae bloom)
32
Autotrophs vs heterotrophs
Auto- produce own organic compounds
Hetero- consume other organisms for food
33
How do tectonic plates move?
The lithosphere (land) floats atop the asthenosphere (ground)
34
How much energy is lost at each step in the pyramid
90%
35
Biomes vs zones
Biomes- land based ecosystem
Zones- water based ecosystem
36
Ecosystems based on rainfall (high to low)
```
Tropical rainforest
Deciduous forest
Scrub forest
Coniferous forest
Grassland
Tundra + deserts
```
37
Symbiotic relationship
Probably benefit both parties
38
Mutualism relationship
Both benefit
39
Commensalism
One benefits, other not harmed
40
Biotic potential of a population
Amount population would grow if there was unlimited resources
41
Carrying capacity
Max pop size that is supported by available resources
42
Rule of 70
Divide 70 by the current growth rate to get doubling time
43
R vs k selected organisms
R- produce early and often
little attention given to offsprings
K- fewer offsprings
devote a lot of time to children
44
Current world population
7.3 billion people
45
Annual growth rate calculation
Birth- death
| 10
46
Emigration vs immigration
Emigration- people out
Immigration. People in
47
Replacement birth rate
Children needed to replace parents
| 2.5 (infant death, not producing women)
48
Factors that affect total fertility rate
Birth control
Education
Child in labor forces
Religion, culture
49
Industrial revolution
Clean water
Sanitation
Food supplies
Healthcare
50
```
Growth states
Pre- industrial
Transitional
Industrial
Postindustrial
```
Pre- high birth and death rate
Transitional - high birth, low death. Rapid growth
Industrial- birthdate similar to death rate
Postindustrial- reach zero growth rate
51
Ecological foot print calculation
Impact= pop size X affluence X technology
52
Federal insecticide, fungicide, and Rodenticide act (FIFRA)
Requires EPA to approve all pesticides in the us
53
Contour plowing
Terracing
Non-till
Crop rotation
Contour- rows plowed on hillside to prevent erosion
Terracing- stairs in hillside
Non- till - plant seeds without plowing first
Crop rotation- change crops
54
Old growth vs second growth forests
Old- never been cut and not seriously disturbed for 100s of years
Second- cutting is recent,
55
What is agroforestry
Trees and crops planted together
56
Threats to trees
Forest fires (CROWN FIRES)
Diseases
Pests
57
Acid mine drainage
Sulfur containing compounds that drain from mine
58
Externalities
Unwanted or unpredicted consequences of using natural resources
59
Convection vs conduction
Convection- transfer of heat by movement of heated material
| Conduction- transfer if energy through matter from particles
60
Energy units
Joules (J)
Calorie (cal)
British thermal unit (Btu)
Kilowatt hour (kWh)
61
Power units
Watt (W)
| Horsepower (hp)
62
Watt= ________X_________
Volts X amperage
63
First law if thermodynamics
Energy is not created or destroyed
| -transferred or transformed
64
Energy production percents
Fossil fuels -64
Nuclear- 17
Renewable sources- 19
65
Primary energy resource
| used most
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
66
Oil- made of
Coal- made of
Natural gas- made of
Oil- hydrocarbons
Coal- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Natural gas- methane gas (CH4)
67
```
Coal types
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbitumimous
Lignite
```
An- almost pure carbon
| Bit- second purest
68
Most abundant fossil fuel
Coal
69
Disadvantages to coal burning
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Mercury*******************
Suffer dioxide
70
Getting pollutants out of coal burned fly ash
Scrubbers (liquid)
71
Natural gas
Produces only carbon dioxide and water
-may explode
72
Nuclear energy
Uranium 238
73
Nuclear fusion
Fusion- fusing 2 nuclei
74
Renewable energy
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
75
Passive solar collection vs active
Passive - building placement, materials
Active- solar panels or other devices collect sun rays
76
Toxin
| Toxicity
Toxin- damages living organisms when invested in sufficient amounts
Toxicity- degree of harmfulness
77
Threshold dose
Chronic effect
Acute effects
Threshold- where negative effect occurs
Chronic- long exposure to low levels
Acute- short exposure to high levels
78
Natural are pollution examples
```
Pollen
Dust
Mold
Spores
Fires
Volcanic ash
```
79
Primary vs secondary pollutants
Primary- released directly into atmosphere
| Secondary-combination of primary pollutants
80
Major pollutants in air
```
CO
Pb (lead)
O3 (ozone)
NO2
SO2
Particulars
```
81
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Industrial combustion
| Combination of nitrogen and oxygen at high temps
82
Suffer dioxide (so2)
Released through combustion of coal, metal smelting, paper pulping, brining fossil fuels
-reduced by scrubbers in coal plants
83
Voc- volatile organic compounds
Released by several industrial practices
- dry cleaning
- propane
84
Smog
Churning coal or oil
| -CO or CO2 combine with particulate matter
85
Photochemical smog
Hot, sunny days
| -NOx and VOCs and ozone combine
86
1987 Montreal protocol
Called for the end of CFC productions
87
pH of rain
5.6
88
Acid rain pH
2.3 as low as
89
Catalytic converter
Controls all emissions in the car
90
Indoor air pollutants
VOC (furniture, carpet, plastic)
Smoking
Radon
Insects, fungi, bacteria, mold
91
Sick building syndrome
Majority of buildings occupants experience symptoms that vary based on time spent in building.
-ventilate those buildings
92
Gases contributing to climate change
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
93
Water pollution caused mainly by?
Runoff of excess nutrients
| -eutrophication
94
```
Water measure
Hardness
Do
Turbidity
bOD
```
Hardness- calcium levels and magnesium
DO- should be height to support life (warm = less DO)
Turgidity- density of suspended particles
BOD- rate of which bacteria observe O in water
95
Founder of the Sierra club
John Muir
96
First earth day
April 22 1970
97
Rachel Carlson
Wrote- silent spring
Got people concerned with environmental issues
98
Green tax
Raises taxes on consumption
99
Science labs stuff
```
Observations
Research
Hypothesis
Prediction
Design experiment
Gather data
Draw conclusion
```
