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Alevel RS OCR - Philosophy > Soul, Mind And Body > Flashcards

Soul, Mind And Body Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What is another word meaning the soul?

A

Self

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2
Q

What is the soul to religious believers?

A

The part that is capable of having a relationship with God

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3
Q

What is the paradox of Theseus’ ship?

A

If Theseus had a ship and replaced every part one by one each year until all had been replaced,
Then an energy collects the pieces and made their own ship would it be the original?

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4
Q

What is dualism?

A

The view that there are two different types of existence: mental and physical

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5
Q

What is substance dualism?

A

Descartes’ version where the two different types of existence are also different substances

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6
Q

What is monism?

A

The view that there is one kind of existence

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7
Q

What is materialism?

A

The view that the one kind of existence is a physical substance

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8
Q

What did Plato believe the body was?

A

A prison for the soul

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9
Q

What analogy for Plato explains the make up of the soul?

A

The Charioteer analogy

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10
Q

What is the charioteer analogy?

A

Two horses (will and appetite) are controlled by the charioteer (reason)
Unless the charioteer controlled the reins the stronger horse (appetite) would take over

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11
Q

What type of connection did Plato believe the soul mind and body had?

A

Dualism

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12
Q

What did he believe the soul was?

A

Non-material
(Therefore indestructible)

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13
Q

What did Socrates believe the soul was?

A

The essence of life

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14
Q

Why did Socrates believe that the soul couldn’t die?

A

It is what gives a body life

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15
Q

From the chariot analogy what was Plato’s view of the soul called?

A

‘Tripartite view’
(Three elements : reason, will, appetite)

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16
Q

As life follows death and death follows life where did Plato believe the soul travelled to?

A

Realm of the forms

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17
Q

What is the life following death analogy called?

A

The cyclical nature of existence

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18
Q

What is the Myth of Er?

A

A soldier called Er died on a battlefield
10 days later fighting had stopped
2 days after that he woke up and claimed to experienced the afterlife
He went in front of judges who judged if you were good or not

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19
Q

What would’ve happened if you were good?

A

You could choose your next life

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20
Q

What would’ve happened if you were bad?

A

You received 10x the inflicted pain you put on others
Then given a different life

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21
Q

What did Plato believe non philosophers went in a cycle of?

A

Reward the punishment

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22
Q

Why did Er say we couldn’t remember the forms?

A

We drink a liquid that makes us forget

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23
Q

Did Aristotle agree with Plato?

A

No

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24
Q

What type of connection did Aristotle believe the mind body and soul had?

A

Materialism

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25
Why did Aristotle reject the realm of the forms?
Lacked empirical evidence
26
What cause was the soul for Aristotle?
The formal cause
27
Who disagrees that the formal cause is unscientific?
F. Bacon
28
What can science not yet understand?
Reason and conciousness
29
What examples does he give to show the body and soul cannot be divided?
An axe (body) and it’s ability to cut (soul) An eye (body) and it’s ability to see (soul)
30
What is an analogy showing how the body and soul can’t be separated?
The wax and seal analogy It’s impossible to separate the imprint of the seal from the wax
31
What’s Aristotles hierarchy of being?
Where different things haven’t different elements making up their soul
32
What elements do plants have to their souls?
Vegetative
33
What is the vegetative part of the soul?
The ability to gain nutrition
34
What elements do an animal have to their soul?
Vegetative and appetitive
35
What is the appetitive part for?
Involves movement and desires
36
What do human souls have?
Vegetative Appetitive Ability to reason
37
Does Aristotle believe in the afterlife?
No
38
What is the metaphysics of consciousness?
We cannot know whether someone’s pain is the same as our own
39
What is logical privacy?
No one other than me can know my thoughts I cannot know the thoughts of others
40
What is subjectivity?
Conscious expiriences are from a first person point of view
41
What does qualia mean?
A term used by philosophers to describe how an experience feels to the person who has an expirience
42
What does non-spatial mean?
Our consciousness does not take up any space
43
What type of connection did Descartes believe the mind body and soul had?
Substance dualism
44
What are the three point Descartes says we could doubt all things?
What if senses were always unreliable It’s hard to know the difference between dreaming and being awake An evil demon could be deceiving us
45
What phase proves that we exist?
I think therefore I am
46
What is I think therefore I am translated from?
Cogito ergo sum
47
What is the essential property of physical substance?
Extension
48
What can you do to anything that is extended in space?
Divide it
49
What can the mind not be?
Divided
50
What is Leibniz’ law?
That identical things must have the same properties
51
What does this mean for Descartes?
The mind and body are not identical
52
What is a criticism of this?
The mind can be divided into perception memory emotions
53
How does Descartes respond?
By the mind he means consciousness which are not divisions of it
54
What modern science disproves this?
Divided hemispheres Can result in having two separate people in the body
55
What is the conceivability argument?
What is conceivably separate is possibly separate What is possibly separate is actually non identical Therefore the mind and body are non identical
56
What is the masked man fallacy?
There’s a masked man that is robbing the bank and we can conceive that it’s not our father but if it was it’s impossible that it it wasn’t our father Therefore what is conceivable doesn’t mean it’s possible
57
But what does the masked man fallacy also show?
We can conceive the impossible due to ignorance
58
Where did Descartes believe the soul was located?
Pineal gland
59
What is the interaction problem?
If dualism is correct then how is it possible for the mind and body to interact
60
How does Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia argue against dualism?
Only physical things can interact with other physical things If the mind is non physical it cannot interact with the physical But the mental can cause the physical to move Therefore dualism is false
61
How does Descartes try to solve the interaction problem?
He says that the mind and body interact at the pineal gland
62
Why does this not solve the problem?
It says where but not how He wrongly thought that the pineal gland was only in humans but it’s in animals too
63
What type of dualism did John Stuart Mill believe in?
Emergent materialism
64
What is emergent dualism?
Physical things become more and more complex and new properties emerge from them
65
What is property dualism?
The mind and body have different properties but the same substance
66
What is reductive materialism?
The mind is not distinct from the physical brain but identical with it
67
What does Richard Dawkins argue about the soul?
That it’s a mythological concept invented by the ancients to explain conciousness
68
What is another mythological concept he argues is similar?
Thunder and ‘the gods are angry’
69
What does he instead believe the soul could be used as?
A metaphor
70
What does Gilbert Ryle call Descartes theory?
‘The ghost in the machine’
71
What is it to search for a separate mind to the body?
A category mistake
72
Why does Ryle argue that it the mind doesn’t have to be separate?
It may not be a thing in itself
73
What is the analogy Ryle gives to explain this?
A foreigner is shown around Oxford or Cambridge campuses and colleges They then ask where’s the university They mistook the university for just a building rather than a collection of buildings
74
What does Ryle think we talk about when we talk about the mind?
Behavioural dispositions
75
What is an example of a behavioural disposition?
We can’t locate the brittleness of glass but it is brittle
76
What is Ward’s criticism of Ryle?
We can pretend to be angry and have the same behaviour as someone who’s angry but not feel the same in the internal state
77
Why do some people believe the soul is separate?
They have out of body expiriences
78
What does Susan Blackmore argue consciousness can be explained by?
Memes
79
What are memes?
Ideas that can be passed down through evolution

Alevel RS OCR - Philosophy (9 decks)

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