soul, mind, and body

Question 1

plato on the soul

Answer 1

completely seperate
spiritual is perfect and unchanging but body is imperfect and changing
if changing cannot be source of truth

Question 2

platos example for soul - explain it

Answer 2

chariot - 3 parts
reason is highest and allows us to control the other two - is the charioteer in charge of horses
emotion
appetite - can drift into hedonism

Question 3

platos cyclical argument

Answer 3

if life leads to death must also lead to life
born again

Question 4

story for platos belief in reincarnation

Answer 4

myth of er

Question 5

property dualism def

Answer 5

soul and body are seperate but interact together and die at the same time

Question 6

what causes are the soul (aristotle)

Answer 6

formal efficient final

Question 7

aristotles analogy for the soul

Answer 7

If an axe were a living thing then its body would be made of wood and metal. its soul would be the thing which made it an axe i.e. its capacity to chop. If it lost its ability to chop it would cease to be an axe – it would simply be wood and metal.

• If the eye were an animal, sight would have to be its soul. When the eye no longer sees then it is an eye in name only.

Question 8

how does aquinas’ concept differ from aristotle

Answer 8

supports his view but with religious interpretation so soul is united with ressurection body to have beautific vision with god

Question 9

monism vs dualism

Answer 9

monism - mind and body are one entity

dualism - separate entities

Question 10

rationalism (plato) def vs empiricism (Aristotle)

Answer 10

thought and reason only
observation only

Question 11

who argued that there is decay in nature but our souls are immortal

Answer 11

plato

Question 12

what cause is the flesh and bones and what cause is the soul

Answer 12

material

formal

Question 13

3 aspects of Aristotles soul (3 tiers)

Answer 13

vegetative - share with all living things

appetitive - passions, appetites, emotions etc

intellectual soul - only humans

Question 14

I think therefore I am

Answer 14

cogito ergo sum

Question 15

why does Descartes argue there must be subatsnace dualism

Answer 15

soul has thought but not extension
body has extension but not thought

senses are susceptible to mistake and there are no solid foundations to knowledge -doubt senses but not mind

separate sources but need each other to interact

Question 16

what example does Descartes use to explain how the mind and body interact

Answer 16

can affect each other
constant pain can equal depression

Question 17

evaluation of the world of forms to evaluate plato soul idea

Answer 17

no such thing as perfect goodness or justice – what someone thinks is good depends on their culture.
Perfect goodness will mean different things to different people.
So, there cannot be a perfect form of goodness – so his argument for the soul fails.

Question 18

plato - how can we have an idea of perfection even if we haven’t seen it !!

how does Hume evaluate this

Answer 18

we can gain the concept of perfection merely from observing imperfect things and imagining what they would be like without imperfection.
So, even though we never experience perfection, our reason is still capable of figuring it out as a concept. There’s no need to suppose it was innate and no need for the explanation of a soul. So, Plato’s argument for the soul fails.

Question 19

the soul is what give sour body rational thought

who thinks this

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

explain wax stamp analogy

Answer 20

Aristotle
The imprint cannot be separated from the wax as it is inherently a part of it, much in the same way the soul is inherently part of the body

Question 21

bacon evaluating Aristotle

Answer 21

father of empiricism, argued that ‘form’ was not a scientific matter.
Modern scientists would go even further in rejecting Aristotle’s theory.
They would say the body is just material structure – there is no ‘form’ or ‘essence’ of it. Rational thought is just caused by brain processes, we don’t need the idea of a soul.

Question 22

why does Gilbert Ryle think there is a category error with Aristotle and Descartes

Answer 22

actions have to be bodily AND mentally and so they cant be put into separate categories because they are sub elements of the same thing

Question 23

what does Ryle argue the mind acc is

Answer 23

(behaviourist)

the word ‘mind’ really refers to a set of behavioural dispositions.

Claiming the mind a non-physical thing therefore commits a category error.

Question 24

what example does Gilbert Ryle give to explain that the mind is not a physical thing

Answer 24

brittleness of glass

Question 25

evaluation of Gilbert Ryle

Answer 25

mind does feel like a thing
Dawkins: it is the brain which is more credible than arguing it is not a thing at all

Question 26

memes

Answer 26

dawkins

Our bodies enable our genes to survive and be passed on. All our genes are concerned with is survival and replication.
no physical evidence of a soul

Question 27

Swinburne on soul

Answer 27

dualist - human identity comes from soul

Question 28

who talks about category error

Answer 28

Gilbert ryle

Question 29

materialist def and famous materialist

Answer 29

humans just made up of flesh

Dawkins

Question 30

Dawkins soul one and soul 2

Answer 30

1 - traditional religious thought

2- highly rooted in body and will be discovered in DNA and capable of higher thinking