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Sam's Neuro > Sound pathways and Big PIcture stuff/Toris > Flashcards

Sound pathways and Big PIcture stuff/Toris Flashcards

1
Q

What is the auditory signaling pathway (start from cochlear nerve, so after sound gets through ear etc)?

A

** note the trapezoid body was drawn in in yellow
-this is another major bilateral crossover point

Turns out the cochlear nuclei fibers decussate in the trapezoid body

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2
Q

What are the 3 places in the auditory signaling pathway that send information bilaterally/crossover?

A

Trapezoid body
lateral lemniscus commissure
Inferior colliculus commissure

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3
Q

What is the main role for the superior olivary nuclei? (actually 2 roles in different sides of nuclei)

A

medial division of SON = compare time lag
-this is where it sends olivocochlear bundle to outer hair cells??

Lateral division of SON = compares intensity

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4
Q

Where do endolymph and perilymph live? what is the difference between the two?

bonus for special hidey hole for perilymph

A

Endolymph is in scala media
-has higher K+, lower Na+

Perilymph is in scala vestibuli & tympani
-has higher Na+, lower K+

Bonus, perilymph also lives in the Tunnel of COrti! (inside scala media.organ of corti)

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5
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

What do the 2 areas of PAC deal with respectively?

A

Heschl’s gyrus (Brodmans area 41) - transverse temporal gyrus

(lateral part of the PAC deals with low frequency, medial part deals with high frequency)

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6
Q

Name the parts of this picture?

A
  1. scala vestibuli
  2. scala media
  3. scala tympani

light green = reissners membrane
light yellow = basilar membrane
pale purple blob= organ of corti
light blue = osseous spiral lamina (which also separates SV & ST?)

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7
Q

Describe the conduction of sound through the ear

A

pinna–>EAM–>TM–>ossicles–>hit oval window–> create vibrations/wave in fluid

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8
Q

the frequency of vibrations through the fluid determines what aspect of sound

A

frequency = pitch

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9
Q

the amplitude of vibrations through the fluid determines what aspect of sound

A

intensity (decibels)

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10
Q

Describe the nerve fibers of the organ of corti

A

they attach to basilar membrane & receive sound conduction
-short fibers are proximal & get HIGH frequncy
-long fibers are distal & get LOW frequency

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11
Q

Where is the tectorial membrane? What does it do?

A

it sits on top of the hair cells
when endolymph moves, it moves the tectorial membrane and causes move/shearing of hair cells

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12
Q

what are outer hair cells used for? are there a lot or a little of them?

A

outer hair cells are for fine tuning

there are MANY rows of them

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13
Q

What are inner hair cells used for? are there a lot or a little of them?

A

Inner = auditory conduction

there is only ONE row of inner hair cells

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14
Q

What runs through the Tunnel of corti?

A

perilymph (surprise!) and CN VIII fibers

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15
Q

How does tectorial membrane shearing cause sound transduction?

A

when it shears –>K+/Na+ influx –> release of glutamate

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16
Q

how do the outer hair cells help with sound transduction?

A

amplify movements of basilar membrane
separate background noise from important signals (remember they are the fine tuners)

*receive input from medial olivocochlear system

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17
Q

What is the vestibule for and what structures does it contain?

A

It is for balance

it has the utricle & saccule in it, which detect acceleration

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18
Q

what do semicircular canals detect?

A

rotation of the head

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19
Q

What vessels provide blood supply to the TM?

A

anterior tympanic artery & stylomastoid branch of posterior auricular artery

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20
Q

What nerves/branches provide sensory innervation of the tM?

A

external TM = auriculotemporal N (CN V3) & auricular branch of CN X (GSA)

internal = tympanic branch of CN IX (GVA)

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21
Q

What reflex does irritation of the TM cause?

A

CN X cough reflex

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22
Q

Where does the pharyngotympanic tube open up? be very specific

A

opens posterior to inferior meatus in the nasopharynx by the levator/tensor veli palatini mm

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23
Q

What provides blood supply to pharyngotympanic tube?

A

ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery

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24
Q

what provides blood supply to the auricle of the ear?

A

superficial temporal artery & posterior auricular artery

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25
Q

What provides blood supply to EAM of the ear?
(3 of them)

A

superficial artery of the superficial temporal artery & posterior auricular artery & deep auricular artery

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26
Q

What provides lymph drainage for the EAM?

A

deep cervical nodes

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27
Q

what provides lymph drainage from the auricle?

A

parotid, mastoid and superficial cervical nodes

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28
Q

Can you describe the innervation to the external ear? The answer is a good picture that maybe you can just remember

A
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29
Q

What is the middle ear/tympanic cavity continuous with?

A

it is continuous with mastoid air cells and nasopharynx

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30
Q

There are 4 important nerves in the tympanic cavity, can you name them?

A

Tympanic nervous plexus - sensory to mucosa
-Tympanic branch of CN IX and carotid sympathetic plexus

Chorda tympani (CN VII) - SVA taste, GVE-P submandibular/lingual glands
-Passes between malleus and incus to exit petrotympanic fissure

CN VII - innervation to stapedius m

Lesser petrosal n. - GVE-P from CN IX innervate parotid gland

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31
Q

In the ear, what structures does the surface ectoderm form?

A

cochlear duct, otic ganglia, semicircular canals

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32
Q

In the ear, what structures does the mesenchyme form?

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani

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33
Q

In the ear, what structures do the epithelial cells form?

A

sensory hair cells

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34
Q

In the ear, what structures do the neural crest cells form?

A

ear ossicles!!!

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35
Q

In the ear, what structure is made up from the surface ectoderm + mesenchyme + endoderm?

A

tympanic membrane

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36
Q

Breifly tell me the embryology formation [that occurs week] of some of ear’s important structures

A

wk 4: otic placode develops
–>becomes otic vesicle
–>becomes statoacoustic ganglia of CN VII & NC cells
-Ventral vesicle => saccule & cochlear duct
-Dorsal vesicle => utricle, semicircular canals, endolymphatic duct

wk 6: cochlear duct formation
wk 7: spiral organ of corti develops
wk 8: 2.5 spirals of cochlea are present

  • this might be pretty important*
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37
Q

For pharyngeal arch #1, what are:
a) bones/cartilage it forms
b) nerves it forms
c) pouch
d) cleft

A

a) Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, vomer Malleus, incus - inner ear
b) CN V, V2 - maxillary, V3 - mandibular
c) Auditory tube, Middle ear
**TM forms here where pouch/cleft meet
d) EAM

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38
Q

For pharyngeal arch #2, what are:
a) bones/cartilage it forms
b) nerves it forms
c) pouch
d) cleft

A

a) Styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn/superior body of hyoid, Stapes - inner ear
b) CN VII
c) tonsillar sinus & palatine tonsils
d) NOTHING [this closes]

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39
Q

For pharyngeal arch #3, what are:
a) bones/cartilage it forms
b) nerves it forms
c) pouch
d) cleft

A

a) greater horn/inferior body of hyoid
b) CN IX
c) DORSAL - inferior parathyroid glands
VENTRAL - thymus
d) none

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40
Q

For pharyngeal arch #4 & 6, what are:
a) bones/cartilage it forms
b) nerves it forms
c) pouch
d) cleft

A

a) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartilage
CN 4 b) superior laryngeal N
CN 6 b) recurrent laryngeal N
c) CN4 ventral ultimo pharyngeal body
CN4 dorsal superior parathyroid gland
d) none

note: Ultimopharyngeal body => C cells => calcitonin

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41
Q

For pharyngeal arch #5, what are:
a) bones/cartilage it forms
b) nerves it forms
c) pouch
d) cleft

A

trick question! It doesn’t form anything!!!

nothing for a, b, c, d

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42
Q

what are the 3 major roles of the vestibular system?

A
  1. generate eye movements to compensate for head movements
  2. adjust posture relative to head position
  3. mediate awareness of movement
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43
Q

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for generating eye movements that compensate for head movements?

A

○ Afferent: CN VIII
○ Efferent: reticular formation, CN nuclei (abducens, oculomotor, trochlear)

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44
Q

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for adjusting posture relative to position of the head?

A

○ Afferent: CN VIII
○ Efferent: cerebellum and SC

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45
Q

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for mediating awareness of movement?

A

○ Afferent: CN VIII
○ Efferent: thalamus to cortex

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46
Q

In detail, tell me how the kinetic layrinths detect head rotational acceleration?

A

○ Contralateral lateral ducts work in concert (ex: contralateral anterior work with posterior)
○ Cristae ampullaris lie in each duct and respond to the shifting of endolymph
–> Shifts of the culpa move the stereocilia of the hair cells and stimulate transduction
–>Stereocilia deflection => open ion channels => K+ influx => Ca2+ influx => glutamate released

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47
Q

Tell me how the static layrinths detect linear acceleration? moreso, tell me the static labyrinths and which type of motion they detect

A

-Saccule = vertical motion
-Utricle = horizontal motion
-Together = otolith organs
Macula: area containing hair cells
Otoconia: calcium carbonate substance which moves the hair cells in order to transduce

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48
Q

What are the 3 tracts that make up the vestibular system/pathway?

A
  1. medial vestibulospinal tract
  2. lateral vestibulospinal tract
  3. vestibulocerebellar tract
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49
Q

For the medial vestibulospinal tract, tell me:
1. what function(s) does it do?
2. what reflex is associated with it?
3. where do the signals go/travel?

A
  1. Stabilizes head position when walking AND coordinates eyes and head movement
  2. Vestibulocollic reflex
  3. Descends MLF - bilateral
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50
Q

For the lateral vestibulospinal tract, tell me:
1. what function(s) does it do?
2. what reflex is associated with it?
3. where do the signals go/travel?

A
  1. Compensates for tilts and movement of body with posture changes
  2. Vestibulospinal reflex
  3. Ipsilateral …
51
Q

For the vestibulocerebellar tract, tell me:
1. what function(s) does it do?
2. where do the signals go/travel?

A
  1. Takes vestibular information to cerebellum for processing
    AND helps with balance, posture, coordination of vestibular reflexes
  2. One path synapses at vestibular nuclei other at vestibular ganglia
52
Q

What is the only system to connect directly to th cortex (skips the thalamus)?

A

olfaction

53
Q

Heres a tough one:
Describe olfactory pathway that odorants trigger all the way until it creates an AP

A

Odorants bind to cillia (dendrites) of olfactory neurons –>
Receptor (gpcr) changes conformation to interact with G protein –>
Inhibitory subunits fall off -alpha subunit activated –>
Alpha subunit activates Adenylate Cyclase –> makes cAMP –>
cAMP gated channels open –>Ca2+ influx & depolarization
–>Ca2+ gated Cl- channels open => cl- efflux => depolarization to
THIS GENERATES AP at axon of 1 neuron**

**standard voltage gated Na+ channel depolarization to lead to propogation of AP

54
Q

Another tough one:
Describe the olfactory pathway from when an AP is created to the cortex?

A
  1. olfactory nerve synapses with olfactory tract in olfactory bulb
    -Some input dampened by granule cells ○
    -Feedback sent to ipsi/contralateral bulbs via anterior limb of anterior commissure
  2. Linking of olfactory tracts is important for locating smell
  3. axons go up through lateral olfactory stria to ipsilateral primary olfactory cortex and amygdala
    -primary olfactory cortex = piriform + periamydaloid cortex
  4. projections sent to anterior entorhinal cortex (aec)
    -AEC associated with hippocampus and memory formation
  5. AEC projections and piriform cortex go to orbitofrontal olfactory area - YAY!
55
Q

What are the layers of the Olfactory bulb/tract?

A
  1. Olfactory nerve layer
  2. Glomerular layer **
  3. External plexiform layer (tufted cells)
  4. Mitral cell layer
  5. Internal plexiform layer
  6. Granular cell layer

**this is synapse area where olfactory neurons interact with mitral an tufted cells

56
Q

What are mitral cells, tufted cells, and granule cells?
what does each do?

A

mitral - primary output cells that carry info to primary olfactory cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus

Tufted cells: secondary output cell - caries info to primary olfactory cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus

Granule cells: inhibitory - no axons - controlled by centrifugal fiber input

57
Q

Alright, lets do this. The gustatory pathway…go!

A
58
Q

Label the pictures/numbers (recommend writing down on piece of paper then checking, or on your phone)

A
  1. greater petrosal N. (branch of CN
  2. geniculate ganglia
  3. CN VII
  4. Lingual N [of CN VII]
  5. chorda tympani
  6. Lingual branch of CN IX
    7.Inferior glossapharyngeal ganglia
  7. CN IX
  8. superior laryngeal n.
  9. inf. ganglia of the vagus
  10. CN X
  11. rostral nucleus of the solitary tract [in the medulla]
    (aka gustatory nucleus of solitary)
  12. central tegmental tract
  13. Ventral POsteromedial nucleuas (VPM)
  14. primary gustatory cortex [in the insula]
59
Q

whats the histo of taste buds

A

psuedostratified columnar embedded in stratified squam

60
Q

Describe Type I cells of taste buds

A

Type I - sustentacular cells: nourishment/environment maintenance

61
Q

Describe/explain type II cells of taste buds
(what they taste, how they taste them for certain a certain taste, type of synapse, and GPCR structure)

A

Type II - Tastant receptors: sweet, umami, bitter
-Things to crave
-Generate APs and release ATP
-Signal salty via ENaC
-Do NOT form true synapses
-Umami/sweet - venus flytrap domain heterodimer, GPCR
-Bitter - monomer, GPCR

62
Q

Describe Type III cells of taste buds

A

Type III - signals sour
-Things to avoid ○
-H+ influx forms AP and neurotransmitter release
-Forms true synapses

63
Q

Describe Type IV cells of teste buds

A

Type IV - basal cells

64
Q

HOw is mastication controlled?
WHat does this thing coordinate movements between?

A

Central Pattern Generator CPG controls mastication
-it coordinates the movements between:
-motor nucleus V
-motor nucleus VII
-hypoglossal nucleus

65
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

66
Q

What are the phases of deglutition? (4)

A
  1. oral prepatory
  2. oral transport
  3. pharyngeal
  4. esophageal
67
Q

What are the afferent nerves involved in swallowing?
(also what nuclei are involved)

A

Afferent = CN V, VII, IX, X

Nuclei:
-mesencepalic nucleus of V
-main sensory nucleus of V (semilunar ganglion)
-nucleus of solitary tract (inferior ganglion IX/X)

68
Q

What are the efferent nerves involved in the swallowing process?
Also tell me the nuclei involved in this efferent part

A

Efferent: CN V, VII, IX, X, XII

Nuclei:
-MOtor Nuc V
-Motor Nuc VII
-Nucleus Ambiguus
-hypoglossal nuc

69
Q

What are the parts of the brain involved in wakefulness?

A

Thalamus
Midbrain reticular formation
Lateral & posterior Hypothalamus

70
Q

What are the roles of ventral & dorsal paths of the midbrain reticular formation in wakefulness?

A

Dorsal pathway: content of consciousness

Ventral path: level of consciousness

71
Q

What are the roles of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus in wakefulness?

A

-they have orexin containing nucleus
-tuberomamillary nuclei –> uses histamine as neurotransmitter

72
Q

What are the 2 portions of the brain/CNS that are related to sleep?
How does each help with sleep?

A

Ant. Hypothalamus
-lateral preoptic nuclei = promote sleep by inhibiting orexin containing nuclei & tuberomamillary nuclei

Pontine reticular formation - intiates REM sleep

73
Q

Tell me the type of waves observed in the awake stage?

A

alpha - eyes closed
beta - eyes opened & highest frequency

74
Q

What are the frequency/amplitude of each type of wave associated with sleep?
(alpha, beta, theta, sleep spindles, k complexes, delta, and REM)

A

alpha - middle frequency
beta - highest frequncy
theta - low frequency, low amplitude
delta - low frequency, high amplitude
sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency
k complexes - high amp

75
Q

What waves are seen in Stage I of sleep?

A

alpha - middle frequency
theta - low frequency, low amplitude

76
Q

What waves are seen in Stage II of sleep?

A

theta - low frequency, low amplitude
sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency
k complexes - high amp

77
Q

What are the waves seen in Stage III of sleep?

A

delta - low frequency, high amplitude
sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency

78
Q

What waves are seen in Stage IV of sleep?

A

Delta waves - low freq

79
Q

What waves are seen in REM?

A

Increased frequency of waves, resembles awakened state waveform

80
Q

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the jaw jerk reflex?

A

Jaw Jerk
aff: CN V
eff: CN V

81
Q

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Pupillary light reflex
aff: CN II
eff: CN III

82
Q

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the corneal blink reflex?

A

corneal blink reflex
aff: CN V1
eff: CN VII

83
Q

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the gag reflex?

A

GAg reflex
aff: CN IX
eff: CN X

84
Q

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the cough reflex?

A

cough reflex
aff: CN X
eff: CN X

85
Q

Tell me what the greater & lesser palatine nerves:
1) are a branch of
2) the fiber type they carry
3) and the structures they innervate

A

Greater & lesser palatine nerves
1) branch of CN V2 & CN VIII
2) fibers GSA & SVA
3) innervate the palate

86
Q

Tell me what the nasopalatine nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

nasopalatine nerve
1) CN V2
2) GSA fibers
3) Anterior palate

87
Q

Tell me what the superior alveolar nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

superior alveolar nerve
1) CN V2
2) GSA fibers
3) upper teeth

88
Q

Tell me what the inferior alveolar nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

inf alveolar nerve
1) CN V3
2) GSA fibers
3) lower teeth

89
Q

Tell me what the infraorbital nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

infraorbital nerve
1) CN V2
2) GSA fibers
3) upper lip

90
Q

Tell me what the lingual N nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

lingual nerve
1) CN V3
2) GSA fibers
3) anterior 2/3 of tongue

91
Q

Tell me what the chorda tympani nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

chorda tympani nerve
1) CN VII
2) SVA fibers
3) anterior 2/3 of tongue

92
Q

Tell me what the glossopharyngeal nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
1) trick! its its own entity! CN IX!!!
2) GVA fibers & SVA
3) postior 2/3 of tongue

93
Q

Tell me what the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

internal branch of sup laryngeal nerve
1) CN X
2) GVA fibers & SVA
3) epiglottis

94
Q

Tell me what the pharyngeal branch nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

pharyngeal branch nerve
1) CN X
2) SVE
3) pataglossus muscle

95
Q

Tell me what the hypoglossal nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

hypoglossal nerve
1) trick cuz its itself CN XII
2) GVE
3) most tongue muscles?

96
Q

Tell me what the hypoglossal nerve:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

hypoglossal nerve
1) trick cuz its itself CN XII
2) GVE
3) most tongue muscles?

97
Q

Tell me what the nerve to the mylohyoid:
1) is a branch of
2) the fiber type it carries
3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

A

nerve to the mylohyoid
1) CN V3
2) GVE
3) mylohyoid :) AND Ant belly of digastric

98
Q

what CN provides sensory innervation to phryngeal mucosa?

A

CN IX

99
Q

What CN provides motor innervation to pharyngeal constrictors?

A

CN X

100
Q

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is vasomotor

A

idk how to make a question out of this, so just know that

101
Q

Pharynx wall is composed of (name 3 big parts)?

A
  1. Buccopharyngeal fascia
  2. Muscular layer
  3. Mucus membrane
102
Q

Describe the parts/muscles of the muscular layer of the pharynx

A

External - circular mm
Internal - Longitudinal mm.
-stylopharyngeus m
-salpingopharyngeus m
-palatopharyngeus m

103
Q

tell me where gap 1 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

A

Gap 1 - b/w skull & superior constrictors
-access to levator veli palatine
-pharyngotympanic tube
-ascending palatine artery

104
Q

tell me where gap 2 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

A

Gap 2 - b/w superior & middle constrictors
-stylopharyngeus
-CN IX
-stylohyoid ligament

105
Q

tell me where gap 3 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

A

Gap 3 - b/w middle & inferior constrictors
-internal laryngeal N
-superior laryngeal artery and vein

106
Q

tell me where gap 4 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

A

Gap 4 - trick question, its coming from between the inferior pharyngeal constrictors
-recurrent laryngeal N
-inferior laryngeal artery

107
Q

What are the 3 structures of unpaired cartilage in the larynx?

A

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottic

108
Q

What are the 3 sets of paired cartilage in the larynx?

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

109
Q

What makes up the glottis?

A

vocal folds & processes
Rima glottidis

110
Q

What muscles is responsible for moving the entire larynx?

What is the difference between infrahyoid and suprahyoid? think related to movement

A

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles:
-infrahyoid - depresses
-suprahyoid - elevates

111
Q

There are a lot of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, what do they do as a group?

A

move larynx components, after vocal folds/rima glottidis

112
Q

What does the cricothyroid muscle do?

A

stretch/tense vocal ligaments

113
Q

What does the thyroarytenoid move in the larynx/

A

relaxes the vocal ligament

114
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?

A

abduct vocal folds

115
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid does what movement in the larynx

A

adduct vocal cords

116
Q

What muscle relaxes the posterior vocal ligament while maintaining anterior tesion?

A

vocalis

117
Q

where do the papatine tonsils sit?
what innervates them?
where do they get their blood supply from?

A

-sit b/w palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch
-IN: lesser palatine n & CN IX

blood supply:
-palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal a.
-ascending palatine branches/tonsillar branches of facial a.
-dorsal lingual a.
-lesser palatine a.

118
Q

where do the palatine glands sit?
what innervates them?

A

-sit deeeeep to the mucous on the hard/soft palate
-IN: CN VII (GVE-P)

119
Q

Describe the innervation of the hard palate
(2 major branches but all that entails etc)

A

Greater palatine N –> IN’s gingivae, mucous membrane, glands of the hard palate
-GSA = CN V2
-GVE-P = CN VII

Nasopalatine N –> IN’s mucous membrane and ant. hard palate
-GSA = CN V2
-SVA/GVE-P = CN VII

120
Q

WHat is the blood supply of the hard palate?

A

descending palatine artery –> greater palatine artery
-DP art branches at pterygopalatine canal
-GP art exits at greater palatine foramen

121
Q

What is the blood supply for the soft palate?
What is it’s IN?

A

-descending palatine art. –> lesser palatine art ANASTOMOSES to ascending palatine art
-lesser palatine art exits at the lesser palatine foramen

IN: lesser palatine N
-gsa = cn V2
-SVA/GVE-P = CN VII (remember from gustatory pathway)

122
Q

What type of epithelium is most prominent in pharyngeal and tubal structures?

A

respiratory epithelium

123
Q

What type of epithelium/cells is most prominent in the palatine and lingual structures?

A

stratified squamous

124
Q

KNow the IN to the larynx.
I can’t make questions out of this right now…

A

sorry

Sam's Neuro (4 decks)

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