Sound pathways and Big PIcture stuff/Toris

Question 1

What is the auditory signaling pathway (start from cochlear nerve, so after sound gets through ear etc)?

Answer 1

** note the trapezoid body was drawn in in yellow
-this is another major bilateral crossover point

Turns out the cochlear nuclei fibers decussate in the trapezoid body

Question 2

What are the 3 places in the auditory signaling pathway that send information bilaterally/crossover?

Answer 2

Trapezoid body
lateral lemniscus commissure
Inferior colliculus commissure

Question 3

What is the main role for the superior olivary nuclei? (actually 2 roles in different sides of nuclei)

Answer 3

medial division of SON = compare time lag
-this is where it sends olivocochlear bundle to outer hair cells??

Lateral division of SON = compares intensity

Question 4

Where do endolymph and perilymph live? what is the difference between the two?

bonus for special hidey hole for perilymph

Answer 4

Endolymph is in scala media
-has higher K+, lower Na+

Perilymph is in scala vestibuli & tympani
-has higher Na+, lower K+

Bonus, perilymph also lives in the Tunnel of COrti! (inside scala media.organ of corti)

Question 5

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

What do the 2 areas of PAC deal with respectively?

Answer 5

Heschl’s gyrus (Brodmans area 41) - transverse temporal gyrus

(lateral part of the PAC deals with low frequency, medial part deals with high frequency)

Question 6

Name the parts of this picture?

Answer 6

1. scala vestibuli
2. scala media
3. scala tympani

light green = reissners membrane
light yellow = basilar membrane
pale purple blob= organ of corti
light blue = osseous spiral lamina (which also separates SV & ST?)

Question 7

Describe the conduction of sound through the ear

Answer 7

pinna–>EAM–>TM–>ossicles–>hit oval window–> create vibrations/wave in fluid

Question 8

the frequency of vibrations through the fluid determines what aspect of sound

Answer 8

frequency = pitch

Question 9

the amplitude of vibrations through the fluid determines what aspect of sound

Answer 9

intensity (decibels)

Question 10

Describe the nerve fibers of the organ of corti

Answer 10

they attach to basilar membrane & receive sound conduction
-short fibers are proximal & get HIGH frequncy
-long fibers are distal & get LOW frequency

Question 11

Where is the tectorial membrane? What does it do?

Answer 11

it sits on top of the hair cells
when endolymph moves, it moves the tectorial membrane and causes move/shearing of hair cells

Question 12

what are outer hair cells used for? are there a lot or a little of them?

Answer 12

outer hair cells are for fine tuning

there are MANY rows of them

Question 13

What are inner hair cells used for? are there a lot or a little of them?

Answer 13

Inner = auditory conduction

there is only ONE row of inner hair cells

Question 14

What runs through the Tunnel of corti?

Answer 14

perilymph (surprise!) and CN VIII fibers

Question 15

How does tectorial membrane shearing cause sound transduction?

Answer 15

when it shears –>K+/Na+ influx –> release of glutamate

Question 16

how do the outer hair cells help with sound transduction?

Answer 16

amplify movements of basilar membrane
separate background noise from important signals (remember they are the fine tuners)

*receive input from medial olivocochlear system

Question 17

What is the vestibule for and what structures does it contain?

Answer 17

It is for balance

it has the utricle & saccule in it, which detect acceleration

Question 18

what do semicircular canals detect?

Answer 18

rotation of the head

Question 19

What vessels provide blood supply to the TM?

Answer 19

anterior tympanic artery & stylomastoid branch of posterior auricular artery

Question 20

What nerves/branches provide sensory innervation of the tM?

Answer 20

external TM = auriculotemporal N (CN V3) & auricular branch of CN X (GSA)

internal = tympanic branch of CN IX (GVA)

Question 21

What reflex does irritation of the TM cause?

Answer 21

CN X cough reflex

Question 22

Where does the pharyngotympanic tube open up? be very specific

Answer 22

opens posterior to inferior meatus in the nasopharynx by the levator/tensor veli palatini mm

Question 23

What provides blood supply to pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 23

ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery

Question 24

what provides blood supply to the auricle of the ear?

Answer 24

superficial temporal artery & posterior auricular artery

Question 25

What provides blood supply to EAM of the ear? (3 of them)

Answer 25

superficial artery of the superficial temporal artery & posterior auricular artery & deep auricular artery

Question 26

What provides lymph drainage for the EAM?

Answer 26

deep cervical nodes

Question 27

what provides lymph drainage from the auricle?

Answer 27

parotid, mastoid and superficial cervical nodes

Question 28

Can you describe the innervation to the external ear? The answer is a good picture that maybe you can just remember

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the middle ear/tympanic cavity continuous with?

Answer 29

it is continuous with mastoid air cells and nasopharynx

Question 30

There are 4 important nerves in the tympanic cavity, can you name them?

Answer 30

Tympanic nervous plexus - sensory to mucosa -Tympanic branch of CN IX and carotid sympathetic plexus Chorda tympani (CN VII) - SVA taste, GVE-P submandibular/lingual glands -Passes between malleus and incus to exit petrotympanic fissure CN VII - innervation to stapedius m Lesser petrosal n. - GVE-P from CN IX innervate parotid gland

Question 31

In the ear, what structures does the surface ectoderm form?

Answer 31

cochlear duct, otic ganglia, semicircular canals

Question 32

In the ear, what structures does the mesenchyme form?

Answer 32

scala vestibuli scala tympani

Question 33

In the ear, what structures do the epithelial cells form?

Answer 33

sensory hair cells

Question 34

In the ear, what structures do the neural crest cells form?

Answer 34

ear ossicles!!!

Question 35

In the ear, what structure is made up from the surface ectoderm + mesenchyme + endoderm?

Answer 35

tympanic membrane

Question 36

Breifly tell me the embryology formation [that occurs week] of some of ear's important structures

Answer 36

wk 4: otic placode develops -->becomes otic vesicle -->becomes *statoacoustic ganglia of CN VII & NC cells* -Ventral vesicle => saccule & cochlear duct -Dorsal vesicle => utricle, semicircular canals, endolymphatic duct wk 6: cochlear duct formation wk 7: spiral organ of corti develops wk 8: 2.5 spirals of cochlea are present * this might be pretty important*

Question 37

For pharyngeal arch #1, what are: a) bones/cartilage it forms b) nerves it forms c) pouch d) cleft

Answer 37

a) Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, vomer Malleus, incus - inner ear b) CN V, V2 - maxillary, V3 - mandibular c) Auditory tube, Middle ear **TM forms here where pouch/cleft meet d) EAM

Question 38

For pharyngeal arch #2, what are: a) bones/cartilage it forms b) nerves it forms c) pouch d) cleft

Answer 38

a) Styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn/superior body of hyoid, Stapes - inner ear b) CN VII c) tonsillar sinus & palatine tonsils d) NOTHING [this closes]

Question 39

For pharyngeal arch #3, what are: a) bones/cartilage it forms b) nerves it forms c) pouch d) cleft

Answer 39

a) greater horn/inferior body of hyoid b) CN IX c) DORSAL - inferior parathyroid glands VENTRAL - thymus d) none

Question 40

For pharyngeal arch #4 & 6, what are: a) bones/cartilage it forms b) nerves it forms c) pouch d) cleft

Answer 40

a) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartilage CN 4 b) superior laryngeal N CN 6 b) recurrent laryngeal N c) CN4 ventral ultimo pharyngeal body CN4 dorsal superior parathyroid gland d) none note: Ultimopharyngeal body => C cells => calcitonin

Question 41

For pharyngeal arch #5, what are: a) bones/cartilage it forms b) nerves it forms c) pouch d) cleft

Answer 41

trick question! It doesn't form anything!!! nothing for a, b, c, d

Question 42

what are the 3 major roles of the vestibular system?

Answer 42

1. generate eye movements to compensate for head movements 2. adjust posture relative to head position 3. mediate awareness of movement

Question 43

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for generating eye movements that compensate for head movements?

Answer 43

○ Afferent: CN VIII ○ Efferent: reticular formation, CN nuclei (abducens, oculomotor, trochlear)

Question 44

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for adjusting posture relative to position of the head?

Answer 44

○ Afferent: CN VIII ○ Efferent: cerebellum and SC

Question 45

In the vestibular system, which afferents and efferents are responsible for mediating awareness of movement?

Answer 45

○ Afferent: CN VIII ○ Efferent: thalamus to cortex

Question 46

In detail, tell me how the kinetic layrinths detect head rotational acceleration?

Answer 46

○ Contralateral lateral ducts work in concert (ex: contralateral anterior work with posterior) ○ Cristae ampullaris lie in each duct and respond to the shifting of endolymph --> Shifts of the culpa move the stereocilia of the hair cells and stimulate transduction -->Stereocilia deflection => open ion channels => K+ influx => Ca2+ influx => glutamate released

Question 47

Tell me how the static layrinths detect linear acceleration? moreso, tell me the static labyrinths and which type of motion they detect

Answer 47

-Saccule = vertical motion -Utricle = horizontal motion -Together = otolith organs Macula: area containing hair cells Otoconia: calcium carbonate substance which moves the hair cells in order to transduce

Question 48

What are the 3 tracts that make up the vestibular system/pathway?

Answer 48

1. medial vestibulospinal tract 2. lateral vestibulospinal tract 3. vestibulocerebellar tract

Question 49

For the medial vestibulospinal tract, tell me: 1. what function(s) does it do? 2. what reflex is associated with it? 3. where do the signals go/travel?

Answer 49

1. Stabilizes head position when walking AND coordinates eyes and head movement 2. Vestibulocollic reflex 3. Descends MLF - bilateral

Question 50

For the lateral vestibulospinal tract, tell me: 1. what function(s) does it do? 2. what reflex is associated with it? 3. where do the signals go/travel?

Answer 50

1. Compensates for tilts and movement of body with posture changes 2. Vestibulospinal reflex 3. Ipsilateral ...

Question 51

For the vestibulocerebellar tract, tell me: 1. what function(s) does it do? 2. where do the signals go/travel?

Answer 51

1. Takes vestibular information to cerebellum for processing AND helps with balance, posture, coordination of vestibular reflexes 2. One path synapses at vestibular nuclei other at vestibular ganglia

Question 52

What is the only system to connect directly to th cortex (skips the thalamus)?

Answer 52

olfaction

Question 53

Heres a tough one: Describe olfactory pathway that odorants trigger all the way until it creates an AP

Answer 53

Odorants bind to cillia (dendrites) of olfactory neurons --> Receptor (gpcr) changes conformation to interact with G protein --> Inhibitory subunits fall off -alpha subunit activated --> Alpha subunit activates Adenylate Cyclase --> makes cAMP --> cAMP gated channels open -->Ca2+ influx & depolarization -->Ca2+ gated Cl- channels open => cl- efflux => depolarization to THIS GENERATES AP at axon of 1 neuron** **standard voltage gated Na+ channel depolarization to lead to propogation of AP

Question 54

Another tough one: Describe the olfactory pathway from when an AP is created to the cortex?

Answer 54

1. olfactory nerve synapses with olfactory tract in olfactory bulb -Some input dampened by granule cells ○ -Feedback sent to ipsi/contralateral bulbs via anterior limb of anterior commissure 2. Linking of olfactory tracts is important for locating smell 3. axons go up through lateral olfactory stria to ipsilateral primary olfactory cortex and amygdala -primary olfactory cortex = piriform + periamydaloid cortex 4. projections sent to anterior entorhinal cortex (aec) -AEC associated with hippocampus and memory formation 5. AEC projections and piriform cortex go to orbitofrontal olfactory area - YAY!

Question 55

What are the layers of the Olfactory bulb/tract?

Answer 55

1. Olfactory nerve layer 2. Glomerular layer ** 3. External plexiform layer (tufted cells) 4. Mitral cell layer 5. Internal plexiform layer 6. Granular cell layer **this is synapse area where olfactory neurons interact with mitral an tufted cells

Question 56

What are mitral cells, tufted cells, and granule cells? what does each do?

Answer 56

mitral - primary output cells that carry info to primary olfactory cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus Tufted cells: secondary output cell - caries info to primary olfactory cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus Granule cells: inhibitory - no axons - controlled by centrifugal fiber input

Question 57

Alright, lets do this. The gustatory pathway...go!

Answer 57

Question 58

Label the pictures/numbers (recommend writing down on piece of paper then checking, or on your phone)

Answer 58

1. greater petrosal N. (branch of CN 2. geniculate ganglia 3. CN VII 4. Lingual N [of CN VII] 5. chorda tympani 6. Lingual branch of CN IX 7.Inferior glossapharyngeal ganglia 8. CN IX 9. superior laryngeal n. 10. inf. ganglia of the vagus 11. CN X 12. rostral nucleus of the solitary tract [in the medulla] (aka gustatory nucleus of solitary) 13. central tegmental tract 14. Ventral POsteromedial nucleuas (VPM) 15. primary gustatory cortex [in the insula]

Question 59

whats the histo of taste buds

Answer 59

psuedostratified columnar embedded in stratified squam

Question 60

Describe Type I cells of taste buds

Answer 60

Type I - sustentacular cells: nourishment/environment maintenance

Question 61

Describe/explain type II cells of taste buds (what they taste, how they taste them for certain a certain taste, type of synapse, and GPCR structure)

Answer 61

Type II - Tastant receptors: sweet, umami, bitter -Things to crave -Generate APs and release ATP -Signal salty via ENaC -Do NOT form true synapses -Umami/sweet - venus flytrap domain heterodimer, GPCR -Bitter - monomer, GPCR

Question 62

Describe Type III cells of taste buds

Answer 62

Type III - signals sour -Things to avoid ○ -H+ influx forms AP and neurotransmitter release -Forms true synapses

Question 63

Describe Type IV cells of teste buds

Answer 63

Type IV - basal cells

Question 64

HOw is mastication controlled? WHat does this thing coordinate movements between?

Answer 64

Central Pattern Generator CPG controls mastication -it coordinates the movements between: -motor nucleus V -motor nucleus VII -hypoglossal nucleus

Question 65

What is deglutition?

Answer 65

Swallowing

Question 66

What are the phases of deglutition? (4)

Answer 66

1. oral prepatory 2. oral transport 3. pharyngeal 4. esophageal

Question 67

What are the afferent nerves involved in swallowing? (also what nuclei are involved)

Answer 67

Afferent = CN V, VII, IX, X Nuclei: -mesencepalic nucleus of V -main sensory nucleus of V (semilunar ganglion) -nucleus of solitary tract (inferior ganglion IX/X)

Question 68

What are the efferent nerves involved in the swallowing process? Also tell me the nuclei involved in this efferent part

Answer 68

Efferent: CN V, VII, IX, X, XII Nuclei: -MOtor Nuc V -Motor Nuc VII -Nucleus Ambiguus -hypoglossal nuc

Question 69

What are the parts of the brain involved in wakefulness?

Answer 69

Thalamus Midbrain reticular formation Lateral & posterior Hypothalamus

Question 70

What are the roles of ventral & dorsal paths of the midbrain reticular formation in wakefulness?

Answer 70

Dorsal pathway: content of consciousness Ventral path: level of consciousness

Question 71

What are the roles of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus in wakefulness?

Answer 71

-they have orexin containing nucleus -tuberomamillary nuclei --> uses histamine as neurotransmitter

Question 72

What are the 2 portions of the brain/CNS that are related to sleep? How does each help with sleep?

Answer 72

Ant. Hypothalamus -lateral preoptic nuclei = promote sleep by inhibiting orexin containing nuclei & tuberomamillary nuclei Pontine reticular formation - intiates REM sleep

Question 73

Tell me the type of waves observed in the awake stage?

Answer 73

alpha - eyes closed beta - eyes opened & highest frequency

Question 74

What are the frequency/amplitude of each type of wave associated with sleep? (alpha, beta, theta, sleep spindles, k complexes, delta, and REM)

Answer 74

alpha - middle frequency beta - highest frequncy theta - low frequency, low amplitude delta - low frequency, high amplitude sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency k complexes - high amp

Question 75

What waves are seen in Stage I of sleep?

Answer 75

alpha - middle frequency theta - low frequency, low amplitude

Question 76

What waves are seen in Stage II of sleep?

Answer 76

theta - low frequency, low amplitude sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency k complexes - high amp

Question 77

What are the waves seen in Stage III of sleep?

Answer 77

delta - low frequency, high amplitude sleep spindles - bursts of high frequency

Question 78

What waves are seen in Stage IV of sleep?

Answer 78

Delta waves - low freq

Question 79

What waves are seen in REM?

Answer 79

Increased frequency of waves, resembles awakened state waveform

Question 80

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the jaw jerk reflex?

Answer 80

Jaw Jerk aff: CN V eff: CN V

Question 81

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 81

Pupillary light reflex aff: CN II eff: CN III

Question 82

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the corneal blink reflex?

Answer 82

corneal blink reflex aff: CN V1 eff: CN VII

Question 83

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the gag reflex?

Answer 83

GAg reflex aff: CN IX eff: CN X

Question 84

Name the afferent nerve and efferent nerve involved in the cough reflex?

Answer 84

cough reflex aff: CN X eff: CN X

Question 85

Tell me what the greater & lesser palatine nerves: 1) are a branch of 2) the fiber type they carry 3) and the structures they innervate

Answer 85

Greater & lesser palatine nerves 1) branch of CN V2 & CN VIII 2) fibers GSA & SVA 3) innervate the palate

Question 86

Tell me what the nasopalatine nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 86

nasopalatine nerve 1) CN V2 2) GSA fibers 3) Anterior palate

Question 87

Tell me what the superior alveolar nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 87

superior alveolar nerve 1) CN V2 2) GSA fibers 3) upper teeth

Question 88

Tell me what the inferior alveolar nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 88

inf alveolar nerve 1) CN V3 2) GSA fibers 3) lower teeth

Question 89

Tell me what the infraorbital nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 89

infraorbital nerve 1) CN V2 2) GSA fibers 3) upper lip

Question 90

Tell me what the lingual N nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 90

lingual nerve 1) CN V3 2) GSA fibers 3) anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 91

Tell me what the chorda tympani nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 91

chorda tympani nerve 1) CN VII 2) SVA fibers 3) anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 92

Tell me what the glossopharyngeal nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 92

glossopharyngeal nerve 1) trick! its its own entity! CN IX!!! 2) GVA fibers & SVA 3) postior 2/3 of tongue

Question 93

Tell me what the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 93

internal branch of sup laryngeal nerve 1) CN X 2) GVA fibers & SVA 3) epiglottis

Question 94

Tell me what the pharyngeal branch nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 94

pharyngeal branch nerve 1) CN X 2) SVE 3) pataglossus muscle

Question 95

Tell me what the hypoglossal nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 95

hypoglossal nerve 1) trick cuz its itself CN XII 2) GVE 3) most tongue muscles?

Question 96

Tell me what the hypoglossal nerve: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 96

hypoglossal nerve 1) trick cuz its itself CN XII 2) GVE 3) most tongue muscles?

Question 97

Tell me what the nerve to the mylohyoid: 1) is a branch of 2) the fiber type it carries 3) and the structure(s) it innervate(s)

Answer 97

nerve to the mylohyoid 1) CN V3 2) GVE 3) mylohyoid :) AND Ant belly of digastric

Question 98

what CN provides sensory innervation to phryngeal mucosa?

Answer 98

CN IX

Question 99

What CN provides motor innervation to pharyngeal constrictors?

Answer 99

CN X

Question 100

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is vasomotor

Answer 100

idk how to make a question out of this, so just know that

Question 101

Pharynx wall is composed of (name 3 big parts)?

Answer 101

1. Buccopharyngeal fascia 2. Muscular layer 3. Mucus membrane

Question 102

Describe the parts/muscles of the muscular layer of the pharynx

Answer 102

External - circular mm Internal - Longitudinal mm. -stylopharyngeus m -salpingopharyngeus m -palatopharyngeus m

Question 103

tell me where gap 1 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

Answer 103

Gap 1 - b/w skull & superior constrictors -access to levator veli palatine -pharyngotympanic tube -ascending palatine artery

Question 104

tell me where gap 2 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

Answer 104

Gap 2 - b/w superior & middle constrictors -stylopharyngeus -CN IX -stylohyoid ligament

Question 105

tell me where gap 3 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

Answer 105

Gap 3 - b/w middle & inferior constrictors -internal laryngeal N -superior laryngeal artery and vein

Question 106

tell me where gap 4 of pharyngeal constrictors is and what structures it holds?

Answer 106

Gap 4 - trick question, its coming from between the inferior pharyngeal constrictors -recurrent laryngeal N -inferior laryngeal artery

Question 107

What are the 3 structures of unpaired cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 107

thyroid cricoid epiglottic

Question 108

What are the 3 sets of paired cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 108

arytenoid corniculate cuneiform

Question 109

What makes up the glottis?

Answer 109

vocal folds & processes Rima glottidis

Question 110

What muscles is responsible for moving the entire larynx? What is the difference between infrahyoid and suprahyoid? think related to movement

Answer 110

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles: -infrahyoid - depresses -suprahyoid - elevates

Question 111

There are a lot of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, what do they do as a group?

Answer 111

move larynx components, after vocal folds/rima glottidis

Question 112

What does the cricothyroid muscle do?

Answer 112

stretch/tense vocal ligaments

Question 113

What does the thyroarytenoid move in the larynx/

Answer 113

relaxes the vocal ligament

Question 114

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?

Answer 114

abduct vocal folds

Question 115

Lateral cricoarytenoid does what movement in the larynx

Answer 115

adduct vocal cords

Question 116

What muscle relaxes the posterior vocal ligament while maintaining anterior tesion?

Answer 116

vocalis

Question 117

where do the papatine tonsils sit? what innervates them? where do they get their blood supply from?

Answer 117

-sit b/w palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch -IN: lesser palatine n & CN IX blood supply: -palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal a. -ascending palatine branches/tonsillar branches of facial a. -dorsal lingual a. -lesser palatine a.

Question 118

where do the palatine glands sit? what innervates them?

Answer 118

-sit deeeeep to the mucous on the hard/soft palate -IN: CN VII (GVE-P)

Question 119

Describe the innervation of the hard palate (2 major branches but all that entails etc)

Answer 119

Greater palatine N --> IN's gingivae, mucous membrane, glands of the hard palate -GSA = CN V2 -GVE-P = CN VII Nasopalatine N --> IN's mucous membrane and ant. hard palate -GSA = CN V2 -SVA/GVE-P = CN VII

Question 120

WHat is the blood supply of the hard palate?

Answer 120

descending palatine artery --> greater palatine artery -DP art branches at pterygopalatine canal -GP art exits at greater palatine foramen

Question 121

What is the blood supply for the soft palate? What is it's IN?

Answer 121

-descending palatine art. --> lesser palatine art ANASTOMOSES to ascending palatine art -lesser palatine art exits at the lesser palatine foramen IN: lesser palatine N -gsa = cn V2 -SVA/GVE-P = CN VII (remember from gustatory pathway)

Question 122

What type of epithelium is most prominent in pharyngeal and tubal structures?

Answer 122

respiratory epithelium

Question 123

What type of epithelium/cells is most prominent in the palatine and lingual structures?

Answer 123

stratified squamous

Question 124

KNow the IN to the larynx. I can't make questions out of this right now...

Answer 124

sorry