SP 5, 7, 10-11 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is difficult to determine about homosexuality as a concept? (2)
A
- whether its an act or identity
- whether its occasional, regular or permanent
2
Q
What may result in people enforcing the boundary between sexual orientations rigorously?
A
-the blurring of the line between homosexuality and heterosexuality
3
Q
Define sexual identity?
A
-how a person perceives their sexual self
4
Q
Why is coming out sociologically important? (2)
A
- they may have difficulty entering the queer community
- identities are linked to someone’s social roles and responsibilities
5
Q
Is coming out more difficult for queer POC? (2)
A
- Yes
- because their behaviours and acts are ascribed to their racial identity
6
Q
What did the ancient Greeks think about sexuality? (2)
A
- men could have sex with whomever they wanted
- sex didn’t reveal a person’s sexual identity
7
Q
Which religion spread anti-homosexual messages?
A
-Christian and Catholic Church in the 13th century
8
Q
How have sociologists views around sexuality changed? (2)
A
- in the past, they viewed it as a learned social behaviour
- now, essentialist beliefs, primacy to biological causes and genes
9
Q
What happened in Toronto in 1981?
A
-Police raided bathhouse’s to criminalize homosexuality
10
Q
What is institutional completeness?
A
-the creation of communities that are fully self-supporting and self-aware
11
Q
What is two-spirited? (2)
A
- fluid sexual identity
- moving beyond binary distinctions
12
Q
Why are people with visible disabilities seen by society as asexual?
A
-prevalent heteronormative ideas about sex and what’s considered natural
13
Q
What were disabled people subjected to by Canada?
A
-forced sterilization until 1970s
14
Q
What does feminist disability theory think about women?
A
-disabled women face heightened inequality
15
Q
What do structural functionalists think about sexual orientation? (2)
A
- homosexuality and asexuality threaten traditional institutions like the family because of procreation
- homosexual communities provide social cohesion and acceptance
16
Q
What do conflict theorists think about homosexuality? (2)
A
- heteronormativity makes heterosexuality acceptable and homosexuality unacceptable
- gender binary is bad
17
Q
What do symbolic interactionists think about homosexuality? (2)
A
- peoples identities reflect the roles they play
- stigma is damaging and leads to impression management and secrecy
18
Q
What do feminist theorists think about homosexuality? (2)
A
- continuum of gender and sexuality
- people express sexualities differently across societies and cultures
19
Q
What do social constructionists think about homosexuality? (2)
A
- without claims-making and moral entrepreneurship, few would care about others sexuality
- changes in the media have helped societal opinion about sexuality
20
Q
Define heterosexism
A
-discrimination against homosexuals in favour of normalized heterosexuality
21
Q
What is essentialism?
A
-the belief that all homosexuals have fundamentally similar characteristics
22
Q
Define immutability
A
-under no circumstances can one change a personal feature
23
Q
Define fundamentality
A
-a certain feature is central to someone character
24
Q
Those who’re homophobic have what essentialist beliefs? (2)
A
- fundamentality
- reject immutability
25
What does the attribution value theory say about prejudice and homophobia? (2)
- people develop prejudices against particular groups that are seen to be morally responsible for their stigmatized behaviour
- homophobia develops when a person believes homosexuality is both a choice and socially harmful
26
What did Herek define captured the most important aspects of homophobia? (3)
- sexual stigma towards non-heterosexual behaviour
- heterosexism
- sexual prejudice
27
What is queering the family?
-the existence of same-sex partners, especially those with children
28
What normalizes the queer?
-same-sex families are similar to heterosexual families
29
What is significant about school and the classroom?
-where gender and sexuality are constructed for many
30
Queer individuals are at a higher risk of being sexually assaulted by a stranger that wants to do what?
-punish or change the persons orientation
31
What are factors that can create a more comfortable environment for queer people in the workplace? (4)
- support from top management
- policies to prevent discrimination
- presence of queer networks
- non-heterosexist organizational climate
32
What factors in the workplace contribute to a toxic environment for queer people and for them to stay in the closet? (3)
- lack of racial balance
- work teams composed mostly of men
- having a male supervisor
33
Why was HIV not dealt with at first? (2)
- only thought to concern drug users and gay men
| - especially gay men of colour
34
What would a conflict theorist say about labelling HIV a gay disease?
-the label was the result of prejudiced straight people, the dominant group, attempting to point out the unacceptableness of homosexuality
35
What do positive portrayals of homosexual people in the media do?
-more favourable attitudes among heterosexuals
36
What happened in the case Vriend v. Alberta?
-Delwin Vriend said he was fired due to his sexual orientation and he won the case putting sexual orientation into the charter
37
How are health and illness social problems? (3)
- many illnesses affect many people
- health and healthcare resources are unequally divided
- inequalities in health and healthcare are social problems
38
Define medical sociology
-field of sociology that examines the social context of health, illness and health care
39
What is the biomedical view of medicine? (3)
- health is the absence of illness
- health is a passive default state of normalcy whereas illness is an active problem in need of treatment
- only when something goes wrong, not preventative
40
Define well-being
-state of existence characterized by happiness, prosperity and the satisfaction of basic human needs
41
How does the Canadian government define health?
-the capacity of people to adapt, respond or control life's challenges and changes
42
What is the bio psychosocial view of health and illness?
-health and disease are products of the interaction of body, mind and environment and not just biology alone
43
Define epidemiology? (2)
- applied science that examines cause, distribution and control of disease in a population
- ultimate goal to prevent disease
44
Define life expectancy
-average number of years a person has left at a particular age, given current age-specific mortality rates
45
Why has global life expectancy increased in the last century?
-advances in public health, medical technology and pharmaceutical cures
46
What is the rise in life expectancies in high-income countries caused from? (2)
- decline in deaths from infectious causes (exogenous)
| - rise in deaths from degenerative causes (endogenous)
47
Define mortality rate
-the death rate associated with a given disease or population, typically measured as deaths per year per 1000 people
48
Define maternal mortality rate
-number of deaths of women due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth or abortion, typically measured as deaths per year per 1000 live births
49
What did Mamas 4 Mamas due to help maternal death? (3)
- partnered with another charity to supply life saving medication for those with hemorrhage
- scholarships for midwife
- directly supporting women in labour
50
Define infant mortality rate
-number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births
51
Define under-five mortality rate
-number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births
52
Define morbidity rate
-extent of disease in a population reported by incidence and/or prevalence
53
How can diseases be classified? (3)
- endemic (constantly present)
- epidemic (local or national outbreak)
- pandemic (epidemic of international proportions)
54
What epidemic was called the product of globalization?
-SARS in 2003
55
What are the main causes for the increase in obesity? (2)
- energy-dense, nutrient poor diets high in saturated fats and sugars
- sedentary lifestyles with little physical activity or exercise
56
What is the most common measure of obesity?
-BMI
57
Where is obesity the worst in Canada?
-Atlantic Canada and Prairie
58
Why should we view obesity as a social problem and not personal failing? (3)
- obese people do not lack self-control
- culture plays a big role
- obese or exceeding weight norms does not mean unhealthy
59
Define mental health
-persons ability to cope with everyday life...
60
How does health Canada define a mental disorder?
-alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
61
What is the difference between mental disorder and mental illness?
-clinical diagnosing
62
How do most people believe mental disorders arise?
-genetic/biological, psychological and social environment factors
63
What are the leading cause of disability worldwide?
-mental illness and substance abuse
64
Define comorbidity
-susceptibility of an individual with an illness to additional health problems
65
What is the downward drift hypothesis about mental health and social class?
-mental illness prevents people from functioning effectively, resulting in poorer educational outcomes, downward social mobility and poverty
66
What is the proposed social causation theory for health and social class?
-stresses associated with life in the lower social classes promote frustration and despair while eroding coping abilities
67
What would structural functionalism say about health? (4)
- health is normative and maintained by social institutions
- health care is a social institution
- illness is a form of deviance
- ill people adopt a sick role
68
What would conflict theorists say about health? (3)
- problems in health care delivery are from a capitalist economy which sees medicine as a commodity
- scarce resources
- health and health care are affected by power and lack of power
69
What would symbolic interactionism say about health? (3)
- unique meanings and experiences are associated with diseases and labelled as sick
- what constitutes health and sickness varies from culture to culture
- health care issues are socially constructed notions and political objectives
70
What would feminist theory say about health? (2)
- gender is an important determinant of health
| - women's health has often been defined and understood on the basis of male models and male norms
71
What are the social determinants of health?
-complex causal relationship between social, economic, political factors and population health outcomes
72
What is one of the most important social determinant of health?
-income and income distribution
73
What has caused most advancements in global population health?
-economic prosperity and public health programs focused on illness prevention
74
Define the population health perspective
-focuses on social determinants of health and on societal, preventative strategies and social responses to health problems
75
What is primary prevention?
-steps taken to prevent a disease from occurring
76
What are the four steps of primary prevention? (4)
- immunization
- well-functioning public health
- wise use of medicine
- effort to control social causes of disease
77
Define addiction
-socially disapproved behaviour that's uncontrollable, repetitious and possibly harmful
78
Is substance abuse still used in the DSM?
-no just SUD
79
What behaviours are typical of someone with a SUD? (4)
- failing to meet social responsibilities
- growing physiological tolerance to the effects of the substance where people need more
- craving the substance
- difficulty quitting
80
Define drug
-any substance that causes a biochemical reaction in the body
81
Define drug abuse
-excessive or inappropriate drug use result in social impairments
82
Define drug dependency
-the routine need for a drug for physiological and/or psychological reasons
83
Define tolerance
-the decreased effectiveness of any given drug which is a symptom of repeated and frequent drug use
84
Define medicalization (2)
- the process whereby the medical profession comes to be viewed as being relevant to an ever-widening range of traditionally non-medical aspects of life
- discovery of new diseases and problems
85
What would structural functionalists think about addiction? (2)
- alcohol and drug use result from social structures influence on the individual
- common because they serve social functions
86
What would social disorganization theorists think about addiction? (2)
- due to rapid social change, institutions that traditionally discouraged deviant behaviour are less effective
- breakdown in community deprives people of a sense of meaning and moral guidance
87
What would Merton's Strain (anomie) theory say about addiction? (2)
- drug and alcohol abuse is the result of the mismatch between culturally defined goals and the socially approved means to get these goals
- one adaptation to this gap is to retreat
88
What would conflict theorists think about addiction? (3)
- affects different socioeconomic groups differently
- powerful capitalist members of society are in positions to determine what is legal
- the poor tend to suffer harmful outcomes of substance abuse
89
What would symbolic interactionists think about addiction? (2)
- social meanings and value attached to drug and alcohol abuse and labels attached to people
- "alcoholic"
90
What is strongly linked to forms of deviant and criminal activity?
-using alcohol and drugs
91
Who uses alcohol more?
-well-educated, high-income people
92
Define ageism
-direct or indirect discrimination against people based on their age
93
What is a common fear about aging people?
-they're frail and need full-time care in a nursing home
94
Where do most seniors live?
-private dwellings
95
What is the life course?
-a patterned sequence of individual-age linked experiences over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influences
96
What are the five assumptions of the life course by Elder? (5)
- human development and aging are lifelong
- it makes a difference at what age you make a key transition
- our lives are interdependent and have socio-historical influences on them
- an individuals life is embedded in and shaped by historical times and places they experience
- individuals have agency and choice
97
Define longitudinal analysis
-observational method in which data are gathered for the same subjects over a period of time
98
Define senescence (2)
- biological aging of an organism as it lives beyond its maturity
- accompanied by chemical and organic changes
99
Define age pyramid
-graphic depiction of the age composition of a population
100
What does age stratification theory focus on?
-how social structures affect individual aging and the stratification of people by age
101
Structural functionalism and aging (3)
- all elements in society are inter-related
- disengagement theory accounts for the relegation of older people to the sidelines of society
- retirement serves several functions
102
Conflict theory and aging (3)
- conflict and change are features of social life
- age-related discrimination doesn't benefit society
- older people are pushed out of the workforce
103
Symbolic interactionism and aging (4)
- social life involves continued interaction
- socially constructed definitions of age and aging
- roles as they age
- media reenforces stereotypes
104
Feminist theory and aging (2)
- aging affects men and women differently
| - women provide care in aging and men receive it
105
Social constructionism and aging (2)
- views of aging are shaped by moral entrepreneurship
| - propagated by mass media
106
Define disengagement theory
-theory that as people age they voluntarily and normally remove themselves from activities and social contacts to ease their passage into a less active lifestyle
107
Why has the feminization of poverty shown signs of slowing? (2)
- more and more Canadians have been saving for old age
| - because they recognize baby boomers will strain old age help
108
Define intragenerational mobility
-mobility between labour market positions within individual careers
109
What has increased intragenerational mobility upwards relied on? (2)
- continued economic growth
| - continued elimination of older workers through death or retirement
110
Why has upward mobility changed in recent years? (3)
- decline in economic growth
- lengthening of the average lifespan
- elimination of compulsory retirement
111
How are careers and aging correlated?
-most intragenerational mobility is based on seniority
112
What do internal labour markets do?
-impose a high degree of control over who enters an organization, at what level, through what stages people move and at what rate
113
What altered career mobility? (3)
- industrial growth
- differentiation
- rise of achievement as a basic for ranking
114
What has technology resulted in for aging?
-pushing people out of their careers
115
What is inheritance?
-downward flow of property after death
116
Define primogeniture
-system of inheritance in which only one child, the oldest son, inherits all the family property from the death of his parents
117
Define filial responsibility
-moral responsibility of a grown child to look after aging parents
118
What is wealth?
-property, savings, stock and private pensions
119
Why, according to the OECD, have younger generations become more dependent on inheritance?
-rising cost of home ownership combined with rising income inequality and low wages
120
Define sandwich-generation
-middle-aged adults caring for both older parents and their own young children
121
What four types of social support help to reduce the stress on older individuals (4)
- informational
- tangible
- emotional
- integrating
122
What is empty nest syndrome?
-when children leave home for marriage or university
123
What is the largest lobbying group for older people?
-Canadian Association for retired persons CARP
124
How would a constructionist perspective look at old age?
-as a culturally arbitrary category
125
Define ascribed status (3)
- statuses assigned to people because of traits beyond their control
- without regard to achieved merit
- sex, race, ethnic background
126
Define achieved statuses
-social statuses that aren't inborn but are the rest of effort and accomplishment
127
Define social mobility
-the movement between different positions within the system of social stratification in any society
128
Define intragenerational occupational mobility
-changes in someone's occupational mobility throughout their lifetime
129
What is education especially important for?
-intragenerational occupational mobility
130
What four major theories help us understand the young adult's transition from school into the labour force? (4)
- segmented labour market theory
- human capital theory
- signalling theory
- network theory
131
What is segmented labour market theory? (2)
- the labour market Is stratified and entry and upward mobility are difficult for people with only a high school education
- people with certain education are pushed into areas of the workforce and excluded from others
132
What is human capital theory?
-proposes a linear relationship between education and job attainment
133
What is signalling theory? (2)
- refers to symbolic meanings attached to different attainments on a persons resume
- employers decoding of signals in assessing the potential worth and trainability of a young employee
134
What is network theory?
-the importance of social networks and social capital in gaining employment
135
Define the primary labour market
-high-paying jobs that provide good chances to get ahead and offer job security
136
Define secondary (marginal) labour market
-high-turnover, low-paying and unstable or insecure employment
137
Define intergenerational elasticities (2)
- elasticity is the degree to which changing one variable changes another
- a low intergenerational income elasticity means that social class is less persistent and more amenable to change from one generation to the next
138
Define racialization (2)
- an imposition of unwanted racial identities on minorities
| - residential schools
139
How did Canada do with education compared to other OECD countries?
-standardized tests showed Canada falling behind many European and East Asian jurisdictions on desired educational outcomes
140
What are the intended or formal functions of school?
-socialization, assimilation, transmission of knowledge, social control, change and innovation
141
Define credentialism
-process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic advantage
142
Define credential inflation
-tendency of schools to provide and employers to demand ever-more schooling and ever-higher credentials for work that hasn't become more demanding or complex
143
What have contemporary school system contributed to? (2)
- credential inflation
| - modern education devalues educational credentials
144
Define professionalization
-process by which an occupation raises its standing by limiting the number of entrants and regulating behaviour
145
What does the demand for more credentials or particular credentials result in?
-professionalization
146
Define overeducation
-education beyond what's actually needed to perform employment roles and functions successfully
147
Canada has one of the highest rates of post-secondary attendance in the world but what is not occurring?
- Canada's workforce is not being used to their full potential
- over-qualification
148
How do Dorn, Bowen and Blau divide student dropouts? (3)
- drop out
- pullout
- push out
149
What are drop-out theories?
-focus on students who find themselves unable to cope intellectually with Schoo material
150
What are pullout theories?
-class-based and focus on students who withdraw from schooling because of financial problems
151
What are push out theories?
-focus on the school and community as contextual factors that influence high school dropout rates
152
Define bullying
-any form of repeated aggression marked by an observable power differential between individuals
153
What are the important elements that capture bullying's complexity? (2)
- aggressive or assertive behaviour that's imposed from a position of dominance or power
- must be repetitive to be influential
154
What are the ways bullying is expressed?
-covert and overt
155
Define cyberbullying
-technological extension of physical bullying occurring when an individual uses information technology to hurt someone else
156
What do many agree is the most influential factor in terms of student achievement?
-teacher quality
