USI Ch 5, 9, 10, 11 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is significant about Margaret Laurence’s use of the word middling?
A
- describes the privilege people have when they are middle aged
- sounds like meddling
- contempt for those who occupy a more privileged status because of their age
2
Q
How are older people seen as less valuable by society?
A
- seen as unable to work for pay or raise families
- youthfulness is beautiful and desirable
3
Q
What is age inequality like in many developing countries?
A
-less extreme often because those who’re poor will die before they become old
4
Q
Define neoliberalism
A
- philosophy that market exchange is one ethic in itself, capable of acting as a guide for all human action
- state interventions are minimized
5
Q
What was the only social program that withstood Canada’s shift to neoliberalism in the 1990s?
A
-CPP
6
Q
What age discrimination is happening in China?
A
-over 25 graduating from university are seen as too old to hire
7
Q
Who began a development of age stratification theory?
A
-Leonard Cain and Bernice Neugarten
8
Q
Who was responsible for the formalization of age stratification theory?
A
-Matilda White
9
Q
What new type of age stratification theory is emerging?
A
-aging and society paradigm
10
Q
Explain age stratification theory as theorized by Riley
A
- process and structure
- similar-aged individuals form strata based on biological age or life stages
- marker for appropriate age related behaviour
11
Q
Define age strata
A
- stratification of societies via age and the associated rite of passage
- assumes there are sets of roles and responsibilities attached to age stratum
12
Q
What are structures in Riley’s definition of age stratification?
A
-social institutions or social roles
13
Q
What are the elements of how people and roles are differentiated by age structure according to Riley?
A
Age; strata, related acts, structure of roles, related expectations
14
Q
What are the fundamental processes of age stratification theory?
A
-cohort flow
-individual aging
-allocation
socialization
15
Q
What is the aging process conceptualized as?
A
-biopsychosocial process
16
Q
Define allocation
A
-individuals are assigned and reassigned social roles
17
Q
Define socialization
A
- individuals learn to engage in appropriate social roles
- learning and conforming to normative rules and behaviour
18
Q
How did Riley differentiate issues related to aging from those related to cohort succession?
A
- developed another conceptual scheme that incorporates time
- as cohorts age they move through time and through age strata
- differences in age strata reflect a culmination of individual aging and different patterns of cohort composition
19
Q
Define diachronic
A
-changing, in reference to states
20
Q
Define cohorts
A
-aggregates of individuals who’re born in the same time interval
21
Q
Define structural lag and give an example
A
- gap between the activities individuals do and the ability of structures to adapt to people
- institutional arrangements need to be modified to catch up with human behaviour
- women’s labour participation vs. family responsibilities
22
Q
What is life course fallacy?
A
-assumption that cross-sectional age differences capture the process of aging
23
Q
What is the cohort centrism?
A
-the error of assuming that other cohorts age in the same as one’s own
24
Q
What is age reification?
A
-treats chronological age as the most important variable for age and the life course
25
What is reifying historical time?
-places emphasis on historical change rather than drawing attention to the true aspects of change that explain age variation
26
Define synchronic
-static, in reference to states
27
What is there a tendency to do in research that incorporates ageism?
-tendency to start with the assumption that age strata are static and incorporate specific roles and consequences
28
Does literature agree with the belief that there are clear norms for age strata?
-no, cultural meanings that individuals attribute to age counteracts this belief
29
Why does Riley believe that age inequality is stronger than some other types?
-because cohort differences in education have strengthened the age stratification system
30
How does Ryder define a cohort?
-an aggregate of individuals who experienced the same event within the same time interval
31
What is one of the most prominent social theories of disability?
-social model of disability
32
Define the social model of disability
-emphasizes that problems faced by disabled individuals are caused by discrimination rather than by physical or mental conditions alone
33
Define social welfare
-a system that provide assistance to needy individuals and families
34
Define age groups
- social construction of age categories
| - old, middle-aged or young
35
Define bio psychosocial processes
-intersections of social, psychological and biological factors that contribute to aging and development
36
What is a political economy perspective? (2)
- explains aging and aging relationships by examining relationships between the economic, political and ideological structures that these systems of domination construct and reconstruct
- focus on inequalities within society rather than individual fault
37
Explain what CPP does?
- graduated scheme where employers and employees pay into the plan according to the employees' pre-retirement income
- these plans have an upper contribution limit resulting in the pension scheme to be graduated at the bottom and flat on top
38
What is OAS?
- old age security
| - pension scheme that guarantees a flat, per month benefit to people 65 or over
39
What are three broad ways we can categorize jobs as relatively good or bad? (3)
- physical environments of the workplace and if they are low risk and comfortable
- intrinsically rewarding with high levels of autonomy and low levels of alienation
- extrinsic rewards such as high pay, benefits etc
40
Define autonomy
-workers ability to make their own decisions about how to do work and what needs to be done
41
What are the four dimensions of alienation?
- workers are separated from the products of their labour
- workers have little autonomy over how labour is done
- workers are alienated from themselves because to labour is to be human
- separation of workers from each other
42
Define capitalism
-economic and social organization of production processes in modern industrialized countries
43
Define meritocracy
-allocation of positions, prestige and power based on the ability and talents of an individual
44
What does the ideology of capitalism say about people who get good or bad jobs?
-it is based on personal merit and meritocracy
45
What characteristics within capitalism organize process of production? (5)
- private ownership and control of the means of production by few people
- continuous growth, increasing profits
- exploitation, owners profit at expense of labourers
- labour for wage exchange
- commodity exchange that takes place in free markets
46
Who was among the first to recognize capitalism is a social system?
- Karl Marx
| - production processes are organized according to the social relations of production
47
What would the polarization described by Marx include? (3)
- reduction in small businesses and shrinking of middle class
- increasing income going to large business owners
- deskilling and corresponding alienation at work
48
What is the capitalist-executive class as defined by Wright?
-controls both the labour power of others and means of production
49
What is the old middle class as defined by Wright?
- or petit bourgeoisie
| - commands the means of production but not the labour power of others
50
What is the new middle class as defined by Wright?
-controls the labour power of others but not the means of production
51
What is the working class as defined by Wright?
-commands neither the labour of power or means of production
52
What class, using Wright's four definitions, is increasing in recent years?
- the old-middle class
- some say its positive as they are free of large capitalist alienating corporations
- others say its because they lost their job and are forced to make a living and receive very little benefits
53
Define primary labour markets
-pool of good jobs that are characterized by high pay, good benefits and job security
54
Define the cumulative advantage/disadvantage hypothesis
- individuals are born with specific social locations that provide them with a certain amount of advantage or disadvantage
- as time passes, the separation between these grows
55
What type of individuals have high level of job security?
-those in the primary sector and in unions
56
What type of individuals have low job security?
-secondary sector and non-unionized environments
57
What is a crucial process of distribution in capitalism and intimately linked to production processes?
- the wage-exchange relationship
| - workers exchange their labour power for a wage that equals less than the market value of what they produce
58
Define surplus value
-value of surplus product that results when workers labour for more hours than required to achieve their means of subsistence
59
Define skill
-combination of job complexity and autonomy
60
What did Braverman argue about capitalism and deskilling?
- employers, due to trying to increase profits, would seek to gain the maximum amount of control over the pace and manner of the labour process
- businesses would then centralize skill and knowledge and see workers as a manipulable part of the process
61
What does Braverman argue about white collar jobs?
- they should be considered working class jobs
| - because they are deskilled and organized according to scientific management techniques
62
What did Bell say about skill and work?
- due to technology, in the future skill and knowledge would be rewarded over efficiency
- knowledge would be power
- this would stop the polarization of the two classes
63
What is the dual-economy perspective? (4)
- models of labour market segmentation
- core sector and periphery sector in economy
- core sector is large companies
- periphery is smaller companies that are highly competitive with each other
64
What is the human capital labour market explanation?
-sorted into jobs on the basis of individual skill, education and experience
65
What is labour market segmentation theory? (4)
- good and bad jobs are located in different labour markets
- processes where people get these jobs are different
- little movement between labour markets
- segregation within is based on gender, race, ethnicity
66
Define streaming (2)
- educational practice of grouping children according to different levels of ability
- both informally and formally
67
Who, according to Bourdieau, has richer reserves of cultural capital
-parents with more educational resources
68
Define cultural capital (2)
- Bourdieau's concept where people have learned behaviours, movements, like and dislikes based on their class and these pass onto generations
- institutionalized and recognized
69
Define social capital (3)
- Bourdieau's concept
- social networks and resources individuals can draw upon in their daily lives
- high social capital means high economic and cultural capital
70
Define special education
-education designed to address educational deficiencies and difficulties
71
Define habitus
-somewhat stable sets of attitudes and beliefs that social actors hold and that reflects their social locations
72
What helps to conceptualize how agent and human action are constrained and shaped by structure?
- habitus and cultural capital
| - students, who're streamed, will pick what's comfortable, familiar and valued
73
Define summer setback
-loss of numeracy and literacy among students during the summer months
74
Why are there higher rates of education among visible minorities?
-to gain entrance to Canada, one must be educated
75
What is a more important predictor than race and ethnicity for educational attainment?
-class
76
Are all educational certificates and credentials valued accordingly?
-No, there is a devaluation of education of those who recently immigrated to Canada
77
Define silencing
- many times women and girls in class remain silent or do not participate in the classroom experience
- exclusionary
78
Define pro-social behaviour (2)
- socially altruistic behaviour
| - inclusion of other children, listening and showing compassion
79
Define educational investments
-monetary and occupational labour market rewards that can be expected via their level of educational attainment and social locations
80
Define occupational segregation
-division of labour force where women and men perform different tasks and work
81
Define baby-boom expansion
-growth in the educational sector in response to the high fertility rate after WW2
82
How does Canada's gender wage gap compare to other countries?
- Canada is above the OECD average and right below the USA
| - fourth worst within OECD
83
How does WHO define health? (2)
- state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
| - not merely the absence of illness or disease
84
What is CAGE?
x
85
What did House note about the literature around health in the 1900s up to 2000s?
-inequalities in health were analyzed via the biology of the individual, not through a structural lens
86
What happened to the research on health in the 1960s? (2)
- psychosocial factors were at the forefront of research
| - especially stress
87
What have stress researchers said that physical and mental health reflects? (3)
- different exposure to social stress over the life course
- status based differences in the distribution of personal and social resources
- aligns with exposure-resource framework
88
Define psychosocial risk factors
-system of exposures, resources and situational variables believed to have an impact on health
89
What is fundamental cause theory? (House) (3)
- leading social theory on health
- focus on factors like SES, race or ethnicity since these shape peoples exposure to psychosocial, environmental and biomedical risk
- help explain the size and persistence of social disparities within health
90
What is a con of House's fundamental cause theory?
-ignores intersectionality of social locations
91
Those who possess more resources tend to what?
-tend to live longer and healthier than people in a lower class
92
Do health disparities and life expectancies vary across geographical space? What people have lower life expectancy in Canada?
- yes
| - Inuit people have much lower
93
Are low or high income people more likely to commit suicide?
-low income
94
Where are infant mortality rates and death rates higher?
-places with more income inequality
95
Does the duration of time individuals experience economic advantage or disadvantage effect health proportionality?
-Yes
96
Are the poor a homogenous group? (2)
- No, do not treat them as that
| - will result in important health risks
97
Does mental illness vary according to social advantage and privilege? (2)
- Yes
| - the poor, young, and POC have higher rates of mental illness
98
Do poor neighbourhoods have health effects on their inhabitants?
-Yes, mental and physical
99
What is the stress-process paradigm?
-experience of stress in various forms affects physical and mental health
100
Define class-linked stress (2)
- stress exposures that are largely dependent on social status
- low-income people employed in physically stressful jobs
101
What do death rates and incidence and prevalence of disease (physical and mental) show linkage to?
-race and ethnicity
102
Do all Indigenous people have the same health disparities?
-No, different groups, nations and communities face different health issues
103
What is the healthy immigrant effect?
- screening of immigrants before they come into Canada results in healthier immigrants initially
- they also live longer than Canadian-born
- however, this effect dissipates after 10 years in Canada
104
Do men or women live longer?
-women
105
What is HALE?
-health adjusted life expectancy
106
What is the differential exposure hypothesis?
-women are subject to more stressors than men because of their increased domestic duties
107
What is the differential vulnerability hypothesis?
-women are more affected by stressors than men on account of a generalized female disadvantage in social roles and coping resources
108
What is a strong predictor of health status?
-education
109
The longer life expectancies in Canada is a result of what?
- public health programs
- sanitation
- immunization
110
Who uses hospitals more?
- people from lower-income and poor neighbourhoods
| - but they undergo less surgery
111
Define medicalization
- defining a natural biological event or progression as an illness requiring medical intervention and treatment
- menopause
112
What four structural factors has Vertinsky found that contributed to limited physical activity of women?
- authoritative role in medicine discouraging women from exercising
- media and beauty standards
- ageism
- racial and ethnic bias
113
Define hypersegregation
-disproportionate numbers of minority groups located in impoverished, dangerous and environmentally polluted neighbourhoods
114
What are an individuals psychosocial resources?
- mastery
- self-esteem
- social support and so forth
