SP: Lecture Agression and Conflict Flashcards

Question

alcohol and aggression

Answer 1

more extreme domestic violence; alcohol is a factor in 2/3 of murder cases

Answer 2

door alcohol geen goede assessment van consequences of behaviour. * Focus on direct cues over more complex considerations * Related reduced functionality of prefrontal cortex

Answer 3

de expectations!! placebo effect What people think they are drinking better predicts aggression in a lab setting than what they are actually drinking

Answer 4

fraternal = ingroup vs outgroup relative = comparison of yourself and another person

Answer 5

inputs: person - situation routes: internal state -> affect/cognition/arousal outcomes: appraisal and decision processes thoughtful vs impulsive action social encounter

Answer 6

* Possibility of punishment can deter aggression * Low perceived cost (e.g. strength, weapons) * Perceived cost and benefit is relative: e.g. if violence is the only way to get wanted resources

Answer 7

* People with low self esteem might lack the resources to cope with frustration * People with high, but unstable/insecure self esteem are more likely to respond to social rejection with aggression

Answer 8

louder sounds bij physical violence, daarna relational, en daarna control

Answer 9

* Men are generally more aggressive than women -> Men are usually stronger (better cost-benefit balance) * But differ on different types of aggression: biting and hitting for women vs heavier violence by men may be equally common!!!

Answer 10

Relatief wel stabiel: * Trait aggressiveness * A tendency to see the behavior of others as provocation

Answer 11

* More violence in honour cultures, where there is “a great concern for a man’s reputation based on his toughness and ability to protect his family and possessions” * “A man who allows his partner to stray may be seen as less of a man. He may be perceived as weak and vulnerable, someone who can be taken advantage of in other situations as well

Answer 12

* Short-term effects: priming of existing knowledge structures (schemata, scripts) * Long-term effects: Larger chronic accessibility aggressive scripts dus als aggression meer accessible is zullen mensen dit ook meer laten zien

Answer 13

more aggression

Answer 14

frustration -> emotional response -> arousal

Answer 15

* Influence of games on anger and hostility (Saleem et al, 2012) * More violent crimes at high temperatures * Pain: keeping hands in icy water increases aggression * Emotions are appraisal driven: different action tendencies associated with Anger, Fear and Disgust. disgust = minder aggressie, anger = meer aggressie.

Answer 16

the tendency to interpret others' behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign (bv twee mensen zien lachen en denken dat het over jou gaat)

Answer 17

Frustration, aversive conditions, relative deprivation, cost-benefit considerations, Media, ratification

Answer 18

(= arousal, affect, cognition) de accessibility!

Answer 19

Influence via hostile expectations, desensitisation, obstruction of prudent action

Answer 20

anonymous wider group of bullies no (traditional) supervision of parent or teacher

Answer 21

more: more distress, psychosocial problems, depression, and even suicides

Answer 22

* Lack of supervision * Anonymity * Easier to contact like-minded people

Answer 23

* Availability of targets * Invisibility of targets

Answer 24

de waargenomen norm van mannen was veel hoger dan de daadwerkelijke norm van aggressie bij partners

Answer 25

* observed threat to status/power man (e.g. assertiveness) * Hostile and defensive interpretations, especially in stressful/unsatisfactory relationships

Answer 26

* History of verbal violence * Alcohol * Standards: perceived power & acceptance of domestic violence

Answer 27

* Violence towards women by men is related to prejudices about women and traditional ideology about gender roles * Specific violent crimes are especially, directly and indirectly, frightening and threatening for women * The victim (i.e. women) also internalises prejudices on the basis of group membership (being a woman) dus nee.

Answer 28

showed that hostility can arise between two groups in conflict and competition for scarce resources. In the case of the experiment, the scare resources were medals and prizes. It also demonstrates that through superordinate goals, prejudice against groups can be reduced.

Answer 29

intergroup conflict (i.e., conflict between groups) occurs when two groups are in competition for limited resources.

Answer 30

goals die niet individueel behaald kunnen worden, moeten met de gehele groep

Answer 31

* Even minimal groups respond with more aggression, compared to individuals in similar circumstances (Meier & Hinsz, 2004) * Classic example: Competition between two minimal groups (eagles vs rattlers) * Sharing camp facilities * Contest in tournament for prizes (pocket knives) * In just a few days, verbal and physical aggression between the groups ensued

Answer 32

The theory that intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued material resources. competition for scarce goods is at the basis of intergroup conflict Outgroup is seen as more attractive after cooperation than after competition

Answer 33

The theory that feelings of discontent arise from the belief that other individuals or groups are better off. which suggests that social comparison, not objective reality, determines how satisfied or dissatisfied people are with what they have More competitiveness to ensure an advantage over the outgroup (vs absolute gain)

Answer 34

gaat om individuen (dus jezelf vergelijken met je buurman)

Answer 35

sense that one’s group is not doing as well as other groups (Runciman, 1966). Like egoistic deprivation, fraternal deprivation has little to do with objective levels of adequacy or success. A group with little may be content if those around them also have little. Conversely, a group whose situation is improving may feel discontent if other groups seem to be improving at a faster rate.

Answer 36

fraternal deprivation

Answer 37

The desire to act aggressively is not always carried out, however, because social norms and the actions of others also play a major role in the decision to initiate or restrain aggression. Aggressive role models can show that violence is rewarded, offer evidence that aggression is normatively acceptable, and serve as a cue that makes aggressive thoughts and feelings more accessible. No wonder aggressive models are so potent in producing further aggression and that those aiming at reducing aggression in society have criticized the media for presenting so many aggressive models for public consumption.

Answer 38

Most people believe that threats—describing punishments that will follow unwanted behavior—increase their bargaining power and their chances of getting their way (Falbo & Peplau, 1980; Rothbart & Hallmark, 1988). As a result both groups tend to use threats, leaving neither group with an advantage. Each is thinking exactly the same thing, cursing the other’s unwillingness to listen to reason, deciding that the language of force is the only language the opponent can understand. The reality, unfortunately, is that threats provoke counterthreats, diminish people’s willingness to compromise, and in the end generate hostility.

Answer 39

hoe counterproductive threats kunnen zijn

Answer 40

They asked pairs of female participants to imagine themselves as owners of two rival trucking companies, named Acme and Bolt, whose profits were based on the speed with which they carried merchandise over roads to specific destinations. The most profit could be attained by taking the short central road rather than the long and winding bypass (see Figure 13.3). As the map shows, a potential source of conflict is built into the road layout: One section of the central road is only one lane wide. If both players reach this section at the same time, one must back up and let the other proceed. This problem was not insurmountable, however. Participants soon worked out a cooperative solution: They took turns making deliveries along the central road, each earning close to the maximum profit from the experimenter. So far, so good. But then researchers introduced conditions that allowed the players to control something that could be used to threaten their opponent: a gate on the central road. By closing the gate, a player could force the opponent’s truck to back up and take the bypass, costing extra time and lowering profits. In the unilateral threat condition, Acme controlled the only gate at one end of the one-lane stretch of road. In the bilateral threat condition, each player controlled a gate. As before, the players were free to communicate to try to solve their differences.

Answer 41

beiden verloren money: unilateral -> when a gate closed, bolt lost money but acme as well (during the confrontations -> lose money as well) bilateral -> losses where even larger (both consistently lost money) And whether the threat was unilateral or bilateral, players’ communications focused on the use and consequences of the threat rather than on ways of cooperating to resolve the conflict. Because nothing in the rules said they have to threat the other: They could have worked together, taking turns and happily raking in the money just like the players in the condition without any gates. But these findings indicate that the mere availability of a potential threat appears to be enough to bring about its use. Once people have coercive means at their disposal, they shift from reward-seeking to socially competitive behavior

Answer 42

Members of a group who were not themselves directly harmed by an attack may lash out at members of the offending group, who themselves need not be the ones who committed the original attack. ze gaan het een soort van allemaal opnemen voor elkaar, maar worden dan nog bozer.

Answer 43

occurs when two or more parties pool their resources to obtain a mutual goal they probably could not achieve alone -> superordinate goals?

Answer 44

1. in-group motives are perceived as positive, whereas out-group motives are perceived as negative 2. we perceive in-group actions as dictated by situations, but out-group actions as dictated by character flaws

Answer 45

conflict -> emotional arousal -> affects processes of perception and communication -> meer simplistic thinking -> decisions are based on simple stereotypes, snap judgments, and automatic reactions

Answer 46

both sides’ political statements reflected simplistic and stereotypic thinking about the out-group in the media. tijdens war: verbal images of the opponent used in speech waren veeeeel simplistischer dan buiten war.

Answer 47

* Only congruent information is shared & leads to more extreme positions * When in conflict groups demand loyalty, solidarity and strict adherence to group norms

Answer 48

everything suggested by the outgroup is seen as bad for the ingroup

Answer 49

- ingroup seen as positive, outgroup as negative - ingroup = situational, outgroup = characteristics - reactive devaluation

Answer 50

- simplistic thinking - biases - group polarization

Answer 51

- realistic conflict theory (resources) - relative (groups) & fraternal (individual) deprivication (social comparison) - norms

Answer 52

- group polarization - negotiations and threats - vicarious retributions - biased attribution - cues of aggression and group membership - simplistic thinking

Answer 53

- changing norms and cues - collaborations

Answer 54

* Power relationships & beliefs about social dominance * Outgroup falls outside moral considerations (dehumanization) * Desentisation through routine action

Answer 55

- extend the norms of the ingroup to the outgroup, focus on shared social identity (wat hebben we in gemeen?) - minimize cues for aggression (wapens) - increase empathy for outgroup (bv: perspective taking)

Answer 56

* Only contact with the outgroup is not sufficient/can be counterproductive * Working together for goals that transcend group membership can work!!

Answer 57

* Stereotypes debunked * Locating between equals * Delivering successful results * Supported by institutional standards