Spain Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
brief history of spain
A
- phoenician started winemaking and trading then carthaginians, romans, barbarians, christians (main export fortified sherries)
- Manuel Quintano y Quintano brings barriques from bordeaux, then after the exile the same with Marques de Murrieta and Riscal.
- philloxera attacks France, Spain start exporting wines, stops when philloxera arrives
- civil war and world war, plus franco economic isolation
- miguel torres, brings german and france varieties
- modernisation from mid 70 plus 996 irrigation added
2
Q
general climate of spain
A
warm influence from coastline, mountain ranges, and lateau
3
Q
3 main areas of spain and climate differences
A
- north west (atlantic - maritime climate, high rainfall, some bits are sheltered by mountains - continental climate)
- south/east (mediterranean, moderate)
- meseta (600-900 high plateau) continental
4
Q
spain numbers of production
A
- largest vineyard plantings
- world third largest producer
why? = low bush vines at low density
5
Q
why spain is full of low density bush vines?
A
- climate = low annual rainfall 300mm (irrigation is controlled by consejo regulador)
- low production, general high quality fruit
6
Q
climate adversities in spain
A
- heavy storms followed by rising temperatures (mildew)
- spring frost in more continetal climates
- grapevine moth (maganed through pheromone traps)
7
Q
ungrafted areas of spain?
A
toro rueda sandy soils
8
Q
why organic practices are not diffused in spain?
A
not many customers are willing to pay premium for organic certifications
9
Q
average size vineyards holding in spain
A
0.66 ha (66%) 3ha (22%)
10
Q
most planted grapes red/white in spain
A
airen tempranillo then garnacha, bobal, macabeo, monastrell
11
Q
airen production
A
- castilla la mancha - inexpensive neutral white
- brandy de jerez
12
Q
tempranillo styles
A
- inexpensive fruity
- prestigious, high quality (rioja, ribera, toro)
13
Q
why tempranillo can do a lot of styles?
ripening, climate he tolerates
A
because of yields control (can go medium to high, top producers are going low)
- early ripening
- warm climate with moderating influences (altitude, cool winds)
- both single varietal or blends
14
Q
bobal
what kind of wine it makes and where
A
black grape
red/rose in utel requiena
15
Q
what is garnacha tintoreira
A
is not garnacha is alicante bouchet
16
Q
main white variety of rioja
A
macabeo (called locally viura)
17
Q
monastrell specs
A
late ripening
needs a warm mediterranean climate and a late growing season
18
Q
inexpensive whites in spain general winemaking
A
protective winemaking: stainless steel tempo control inert gasses cultured yeast fining/filtrering some use carbonic/semi-carbonic
19
Q
fine wine general winemaking in spain
A
emperature conrolled stainless stess/wood. concrete. eggs, amphorae oak maturation common, also lees in stainless
20
Q
general ageing laws
A
- individual DOs have stricter laws but cannot state lower minimum ageing
- oak vessels need to be 330lt (individual Dos are different from national)
21
Q
crianza minimum ageing time + barrels ageing
A
red - 24 months (6 oak) white/rose - 18 months (6 oak)
22
Q
reserva minimum ageing time + barrels ageing
A
red - 36 months (12 oak) white/rose - 24 months (6 oak)
23
Q
gran reserva minimum ageing time + barrels ageing
A
red - 60 months (18 oak) white/rose - 48 months (6 oak)
24
Q
controversy on ageing requirements in spain
A
- suggest a hierarchy; it tells that the more they age in wood the better they are which might not be true,
- no quality level requested (quality and origin of oak) or style indication
many producers are leaving those qualifications as they believe they don’t give benefit on marketing purposes or because they don’t meet law criteria
25
roble means?
spanish term for oak used on labels for wines with unspecific ageing duration (usually less than crianza)
26
joven
minimum or no oak at all young wines
27
oak types
american - cheaper and strong trading in america, still widely used
french - growing now especially in DOs penedes, priorat, ribeira
28
rose styles in spain
1. inexpensive bulk (most production) - pale, provence style, stainless
2. very good quality - deeply coloured, skin contact, stain or oak
3. traditional (Lopez de Heredia) - mix black and white grapes maceration pressed ferment, oak vessel long ageing
29
pdo in spain are called
DOs (around 70s)
DOCa/DOQ (only Rioja and Priorat)
30
how can you reach the DOCa?
1. 10 years DO
2. estate bottled
3. quality regulation
4. tasting panel
31
what is VP?
vino de pago, small single estate high reputation (mostly in castilla la mancha, also navarra valencia and aragon), only own grapes, within PDO
32
what is grandes pagos de espana
association of prestigious estates some got also vino de pago status
33
other labeling terms for under pdo categories
vino de la tierra (vt) pgi (largest castilla)
vino - no GI
34
consejo regulador controls...
1. yields
2. varietals
3. minimum ageing
4. packaging (e.g. bottles or bulk shipping depends on laws)
35
spain general market division holdings
small holdings - mostly co-op
rising negociant (they own some land as well)
estates (only fruit from estate) are small
co-ops
36
domestic consumption
really low more towards higher quality DO wines
37
exports of spanish wines
mostly france-italy (inexpensive - lowest price per litre)
56% total production
uk, usa, china also focused on more premium
38
promotional body for spanish wines
foods and wines from spain
39
main climatic feature of galicia
atlantic ocean proximity
40
rias baixas
how big it is and who dominates the market
largest do of galicia (4000ha)
large co-ops (e.g. martin codax) till growers
41
quick history of rias baixas
after philloxera hybrid varietals and high yield palomino many vineyards are tiny plots
70s/80s push to indigenous varieties and modern equipment
export market rise (because of style, fresh and fruity, and price
42
rias baixas climate, rainfall and soils
borders arlatinc ocean (maritime climate) - moderating influence
1700mm rainfall - fungal diseases, rain prior harvest
free draining soils (sand over granite bedrock)
43
albarino (ripening and skin)
early to mid ripening (ripe in most years)
thick skin (less prone to rot)
44
other grapes in rias baixas and specs
white
loureira (early ripening, medium + acidity citrus, herbal floral)
treixadura (mid ripening, low acidity, apple pear)
caino blanco (late ripening, high acidity citrus)
red
souson (vinhao in vinho verde)
caino tinto
45
subzones of rias baixas and specs
1. val do salnes (oldest, most plantings, concentration of wineries, directly on the coast, coolest, wettest, highest acidity)
2. o rosal (river mino, next to portugal also blends with loureira, treixadura, lower acidity primary flavours)
3. condado do tea (inland, warmer, ripe peach, drink young)
4. ribeira do ulla (new, inexpensive to mid prices)
5. soutomaior (smallest subzone)
46
most famous producers in rias baixas
pazo de senorans
palacio de fefinanes
47
most commont training system in rias baixas
1. parral (pergola)
uses granite soils to support against humidity, originally planted tu support crops under the pergola, air circulation to reduce fungal
2. vsp for mechanisation
48
general winemaking of albarino in rias baixas
protective in stainless steel (cool temperatures)
1. maceration optional (enhance flavour and texture)
2. mlf (sometimes partial to reduce malic with no butter notes)
3. lees (not stirred to avoid oxygen entrance)
4. ferment oak (expensive)
49
rias baixas export markets
usa biggest uk after 1/4 of sales
50
other galician DOs apart from rias baixas
ribeiro
ribeira sacra
valdeorras
monterrei
51
main climatic feature of other DOs other than rias baixas
further from the atlantic, warmer summers less rainfall mainly godello and mencia
52
ribeiro DO
western, sheltered but still maritime and high rainfall treixadura, single varietal or blend (expensive in oak)
53
ribeira sacra DO
influences, soils, varietal
river mino and river sil meeting mainly continental but some exposure are maritime
stony slopes (drainage, heat, hard to maintain and to work), deep valley sides (different altitude and aspect)
mencia as main variety
54
valdeorras DO
influences, soils, varietals
up the river sil, east continental climate with high rainfall (1000mm), altitude 300mt
range of soils (famous for slate mining)
godello (medium + acidity, wet stones, herbal, premium in oak), and little plantings of mencia
55
monterrei DO
borders portugal inland continental climate, low rainfall, sheltered from ocean by sierra de larouca mountains
good quality mencia, fruity godello
56
castilla y leon general climate
continental
high altitude plateau (north of meseta) with mountains on north and south
west have maritima influence
57
bierzo do story
rustic wine for local market until the arrival of alvaro palacios and his nephew ricardo perez in late 90s, now slowly moving towards quality and higher price
58
bierzo do climate
similar to galicia but further inland (still adequate rainfall) some maritime influences from the west (it has some cool vintages)
59
main grapes for bierzo do
1. mencia (75% of plantings)
2. alicante bouschet (used in blends where mencia is 70% majority by law, alicante is only 2% of plantings)
3. godello and other galician whites
60
mencia ripening and styles
early to mid ripening
can lose acidity quickly and accumulate sugar (picking is fundamental)
1. early drinking styles
2. concentrated
61
2 main areas of bierzo
1. flat plains (center of the DO, fertile silty loam soils, inexpensive to mid priced)
2. hillside slopes (500-850mm, shallow poor slate soil low yield, old vines over 60yr old generally, more concentrated wines matured in oak, (descendientes de j.palacios and raul perez are here)
62
new regulaton of bierzo
2017 new classification based on geographic specs for villages and vineyards of great note with yield restriction similar to DOQ in priorat
63
wine business of bierzo
3k ha planted, 2k growers all small plots (mainly selling to co-ops) , 75 wineries mostly established in the last 15 years harvesting by machine is rare
64
climate and influences of toro do
west of castilla, continental climate
river duero
altitude 620-750mt (large diurnal)
65
main hazard in toro
spring frost (no moderating influences)
66
grapes used in toro do and specs
tinta del toro (for some is tempranillo adapted to the climate, for someone another variety) it has thicker skin than tempranillo
75% tinta, remaining is garnacha usually
also rose is produced whites from malvasia or verdejo
67
planting in toro
usually low density bush vines with low number of buncher (limited water as irrigation is not permitted unti june after the harvest)
1/5 of the vines are at least 50 years old with some going over 100yr
68
soils in toro do
sandy (ungrafter vines are present)
69
site selection in toro: most important things
higher altitude
north facing aspect
70
maximum alcohol for toro do wines
15%
71
toro do winemaking choices
1. inexpesive: carbonic maceration
2. concentrated style: oak (new, american and french)
72
toro best producers
teso la monja numanthia
73
business in toro
long history but only with the interest in ribeira investors started to rise, from 8 wineries in 98 to 50 today.
74
ribera del duero do history
vega sicilia in the late 19th century, highest quality alejandro fernande's pesquera got internation acclaim in the 80's from them vineries stops selling to co-op to produce wine
rapid expansion also thanks to the proximity of madrid
75
climate of ribeira dei duero
similar to toro and rueda, summer slightly hotter
76
altitude of ribeira
750-1000mt
77
main problem of ribeira and how to solve it
frost (spring and autumn)
heaters, spraying with water and helicopters
78
rainfall in ribeira
400-600mm irrigation can be used only in ertain times but not during ripening season
79
grapes in ribeira del duero
tinto fino (aka tinta del pais aka tempranillo)
80
site selection in ribeira
different altitudes and aspect, usually avoid flat sites north facing, most frost risk
81
plantings: age and trellising in ribeira del duero
1. 50yr old or also 100yr old
2. trellises quick to establish
82
how much a grower owns in ribeira del duero?
1ha
83
ribeira del duero wine styles
whites (from 19) from albillo mayor 75%
red/rose - 75% tempranillo plus cab sauv, melot, malbec, garnach, albillo (white variety) - in reality is most 100% tempranillo (french and american, 50/100% new oak, less extraction usually)
84
export of ribeira
20% mainly to switzerland, mexico, usa, germany and china
85
rueda do history
mostly white (before oxidative fortified) meques de riscal from rioja identified verdejo as a possibility for this area mostly protective winemaking in temp control stainless
86
climate and soils of rueda
similar to toro and ribeira, 700-800 altitude mostly limestone bed rock with sub-layer of sand and clay with stones topsoil (or sand sometimes) - all soils are free draining and low in organic matter
87
grape varieties of rueda do
verdejo (drought tolerant - good for the region's drought) sauvignon blanc (also in verdejo blend)
88
general agricoltural choices in rueda do
1. vsp trellising
2. harvesting at night
3. old bush vines (on sand is ungrafted) is 10%
89
winemaking choices in rueda do
1. inexpensive - protective, cultured yeast
2. mid priced - lees ageing
3. expensive - ferment/mature oak
mlf always avoided
90
best rueda producers
ossian bodega belondrade y lurton
91
labeling laws of rueda do
to have verdejo or sauvignon blanc needs to be 85% of stated variety (mostly 100%) [it will be labeled as rueda-verdejo, rueda-sauvignon blanc]
many producers use still rueda do
92
red/roses in rueda
from tempraillo, not much famous because of competition with nearby toro and ribera
93
vineyard area in rueda
quadrupled from 2000 till now competition from othr regions is pushing high quality
94
sales of rueda
seven times stronger in the last 20-30 years grown in both domestic and export mostly netherlands, germany, usa, switzerland
95
castilla y leon vt appellation is used for who?
1. for wines in the northern part of the meseta with no atlantic influences for producers outside the do boundaries
2. for producers in the do that wants more freedom of production plantings are low and inexpensive or mid-priced wines
96
how big is rioja?
100km long 40km wide
97
mountains sheltering rioja
sierra de cantabria - north, shelters atlantic weather
sierra de la demanda - south, shelter from weather from the warmer center of the country
98
river ebro influence in rioja
1. flows towards the open and hence ebro valley
2. tributaries in valleys that have various aspects and soils
99
where is rioja located?
inside the community of La Rioja and Alava in the basque country
100
3 areas of rioja
1. rioja alta
2. rioja alavesa
3. rioja oriental
101
rioja alta climate
continental with maritime influences
102
rioja alta sectors
1. around the ebro - lower altitude, warm, alluvial soils
2. north west - cool, wet, calcareous clay soils
3. south - 700mt altitude, cool fet, ferrous clay
103
rioja alavesa specs
smallest area cool and wet 700mt altitude calcareous clay soils
104
rioja oriental original name and why he change
rioja baja negative connotation
105
rioja oriental specs
low altitude (south is high 500-1000mt) warmest driest calcareous/ferrous clay as cool as rioja alta in high temperature
106
drought problems in rioja
great problems in low altitudes more people are planting in high altitudes
107
blending in rioja and why is needed
small plots and consistency mostly because of the mix of Atlantic (cool, wett) and mediterranean (warm, dry) influences giving high vintage varietation
108
production of rioja wines
64k ha from 90s increase of 50%
109
general vine training in rioja
VSP (easy mechanisation) still some over 100yr old bush vines switched to VSP thanks to EU funds to restructure vineyards
110
tempranllo plantings in rioja
88%
it's recent as 50yr ago it was diverse with more garnacha
111
why garnacha is not much planted in rioja
1. tempranillo produces larger yields (especially in rioja oriental many garnachas were replanted)
2. legalisation of irrigation (garnacha drought resistance was less fundamental)
112
where garnacha is now planted
rioja oriental seens some replanting
113
tempranillo is suited in which sub-area of rioja
rioja alta
rioja alavesa
114
is tempranillo blended in rioja?
in certain cases but mostly as single varietal
115
plantings % of garnacha in rioja
2nd most planted ony 8%
116
graciano specs
late ripening
drought resistant
small yleds
susceptible to fungal diseases
high acidity and tannins in the blend
117
garnacha in blends gives
red fruit lower acidity
118
mazuelo specs
aka carinena/carignan
high acidity
2% planting
119
maturana tinta specs
aka trousseau
permitted since 2009
purple colour, high acidity, fresh cranberry and blackberry
120
viura plantings
76% of white plaitngs alsa called macabeo/macabeu
121
viura budding ripening susceptible
late budding late ripening
susceptible to botrytis
needs warm dry sites
122
styles of viura wines
neutral, broad range
1. high yields, stainless, early consumption
2. low yields, oak vessel
123
tempranillo blanco what it is and when it was discovered
white mutation of tempranillo discovered in 1988 bu permitted since 2004
124
tempranillo blanc plantings
2nd most planted white 13% of white plantings
125
other white grapes of rioja
malvasia (oak)
garnacha blanc (oak)
verdejo (inexpensive unoaked)
sauvignon blanc (inexpensive unoaked)
126
legislative problems of rioja
standard hierarchy is based on minimum ageing and oak size (225l barrique) but doesn't cover practices in the vineyard and winery so technically the legislation sees only the oak as a quality trait; you could buy 2 gran reserva and have completely different quality levels
127
what is vino de autor (rioja)
group of producer in the 90s, low yield and selected parcels, aged in french oak, generally less extraction and concentration these wines went without official labeling
128
common trends in modern rioja red winemaking
1. highlight grape characteristics
2. early harvest
3. gentle extraction
4. older oak, larger vessels, concrete or amphorae
5. shorter macerations
6. french oak more common or blend with american
129
new regulations and red winesin rioja: what is changing
village, zone can appear on labels more single vineyards are made
130
inexpensive white wines winemaking in rioja
simple, unoaked protective (cool temp, bottle after) high yields viura (neutral) or more aromatic blends of verdejo, tempranillo blanco and sauvignon blanc
131
premium white wine winemaking in rioja
oaked, viura low yields, or some malvasia or garnacha blanca for more flavours
before was oxidative style (not much of an appeal today), coming now thanks to lopez de heredia and castillo ygay
132
rose wines in rioja
high quality expensive tempranillo or garnacha
133
why there's a new regulation in rioja?
subzone or vineyards could not be signed on label
artadi left doca at the end of 2015
basque associacion de bodegas de rioja alavesa create a classification of single vineyard
consejo regulador approved quickly a new legislation in 17 published in 18
134
3 main new regulation status in rioja
1. vino de zona
2. vino de municipio
3. vinedo singular
135
vino de zona laws
1. all grape sourced from single zone (eg rioja alta)
2. 15% can come outside the zone if borders and the vineyard has been owned/sourced grapes for 10 years
3. ageing and bottling within the zone
136
vino de municipio laws
1. all grape sourced from single municipio (village or group of villages)
2. 15% can come outside the municipio if borders and the vineyard has been owned/sourced grapes for 10 years
3. winery within the municipality
137
how vino de municipio differs from burgundy
in burgundy you can vinify whatever area in one single winery in municipio your winery needs to be in the municipio
138
vinedo singular laws
1. vinification, ageing, storage, bottling within the same winery
2. vineyard owned for more than 10 years
3. 35 years old vines
4. strict low yields
5. hand harvesting
6. sustainable practices
7. tasting panel check
139
new regulations on ageing in rioja
exactly the same ageing requirements
140
crianza red wines ageing
12 mos oak, no bottle minimum
141
reserva red wine ageing in rioja
12 mos oak, 6 bottle
142
gran reserva red ageing in rioja
24 mos oak 24 mos bottle
143
crianza white/rose ageing
24 mos oak 6 bottle
144
reserva white/rose ageing
24 mos oak 6 bottle
145
gran reserva white/rose ageing
48 mos oak 6 bottle
146
vineyard and wineries size in rioja
1. small vineyard plots 50% 1ha, 25% 2ha
2. all sizes of wineries, mostly co-ops (10 producers have 40% production) many producers are also merchants that also own some vineyards
147
rioja general sales
domestic constant export growing 37% (uk, germany, usa)
148
what kind of rioja sells mostly in markets?
crianza is most popular in spain
reserva/gran reserva in export markets
rose and white rising in export as well
149
prices of rioja
average price is higher than spanish wines but still lower than italy or france equivalent cheap vineyards and land prices or grapes, good value inexpensive is a big market lots of premium also
150
producers groups in rioja
1. bodegas familiares de rioja (40 small mid producers)
2. rioja n roll (small first generation producers, quality sites single vineyards also)
3. Alava group, basque country (they want to break away from La Rioja)
151
navarra size
100km long but small plantings than rioja (11k ha)
152
navarra influences
atlantic ocean
mediterranean sea
pyrenees (north east)
153
5 sub-regions and division (in navarra)
1. north areas: baja montana (hills north), valdizarbe, tierra estella (east to west) - cooler, wetter areas (atlantic influences and north mountains sheltera and pyrenees)
2. ribera alta (middle region), ribera baja (south) - warmer, drier, hotter
154
red grape varieties in navarra
1. originally was only plantings of garnacha (rose wines)
2. in the 70s because of a gov funded research program tempranillo reds (most planted now) was pushed
3. 80s internatonal (cab sauv, merlot, chardonnay)
155
tempranillo styles in navarra
from lighter styles to oaky complex crianza, reserva, gran reserva are commonly used both french and american oak
156
white grape varieties of navarra
1. chardonnay (main varietal) both oaked and unoaked styles
2. moscatel de grano menudo (petit grains), sauvignon blanc, viura, malvasia
157
is international varieties a good thing in navarra?
they help diversity but many critics went against it giving priority to garnacha old bush vines single varietal (style depends on climate of the sub-areas)
158
roses style and winemaking in navarra
medium to deep coloured garnacha mostly (also tempranillo, cab sauv, merlot) usually northern area
short maceration (3-4hr light, 6-12hr for deep colour) stainless steel tem control
159
holdings in navarra
small mostly sold to co-op
160
general quality for the wines of navarra
good to very good inexpensive to mid priced
161
regions in the community of Aragon
carinena
campo de borja
calatayud
somontano
162
carinena, campo de boja and catalayud similar climatic specs
warm continental climate
rainfall 450-500mm
cold wind cierzo from the north
no pest or diseases (dry wind climate)
spring frost
163
carinena, campo de boja and catalayud altitudes
carinena 400-800m
campo de boja 350-700m
catalayud 500-900m
164
carinena, campo de boja and catalayud wine styles
red, old garnacha vines bush vine, ow density (rocky free draining sils, lack of precipitations)
1. mostly inexpensive, high volume, stainless steel, moderate temp fermentation
2. small quality old vines, light oak, larger barrels (500l or bigger) of old oak
165
somontano climatic specs
foot of the pyrenees
warm contenintal
higher rainfall than other areas (spread over the year)
350-650m altitute
cold breezes from pyrenees
166
somontano grapes
cabernet sauvignon chardonnay gewurztraminer
167
important producers in somontano
vina del vero - largest producer, started from a local bank, since 2008 is owned by gonzales byass of jerez, barbadillo also owns a share of it
168
main problem of sales for somontano
big competition for international grape varieties all over the world
169
catalunya main climatic influences
mediterranean coast border
inland altitude
170
innovations in catalunya
international varieties
grape growing and winemaking top innovations came from here
171
vi de finco (catalunya)
for exceptional wines from single estate specs includes high yields restrictions and minimum lenght of time of establishment in the market
172
catalunya do advantages
comsumers knows the appellation
gives producers freedom to source grapes from everywhere,
blend international and local
mostly inexpensive and mid priced wines
173
general climate of penedes
warm mediterranean (both meditarreanean sea and mountains inland)
174
grape varieties in penedes do
80% white: xarel-lo, macabeo, parellada (cava and some dry) also chardonnay, moscatel, sauvignon blanc and riesling
merlot most planted red, also cab sauv, tempranillo, pinot noir, syrah
175
penedes three main climatic zones and specs
1. maritime - low altitude, sea proximity, warm climate, full body reds with late ripening varietals (monastrell, and cava varieties), mostly inexpensive still whites
2. central - flat plains (pre-coastal depression), few high altitudes steps (500mt) are cooling influences, cava and international varieties
3. superiore - 500-600mt altitude, high diurnal range (spring frost is a problem), chard, sauvignon blanc, riesling, gewurz and pinot noir
176
rainfall in penedes (what happens because of it?)
500mm irrigation is used when vines are lacking water but authorisation needs to be gained
177
penedes soils
loamy with calcareous components (store enough water)
178
training system in penedes
trellising for mechanisation
some old bush vines
179
modern winemaking techniques and who brought them in catalunya (penedes)
miguel torres in the 60/70s
1. temperature control (to retain fruit cleanness)
2. oak maturation (in expensive reds and chardonnay)
180
new law for penedes on zones
10 subzones (based on geographical and cultural parameters) 100% grapes used must come from wineyards in the subzone and needs to be organic
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domestic and export market for penedes
30% exported (germany, canada, switzerland, china, usa) most production is also sold locally because the area is next to barcellona
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quick history of winemaking in priorat
1. viticolture was hard: lack of access, topography and extreme wather, many vinyards went abandoned and only used by local co-ops and few estates
2. rene barbier in 89 forms a group of viticolturalists using international varieties with garnacha and carinena and french techniques, got much critical acclaim with wines sold at ultrapremium prices
3. priorat is updated in 2009 from DO to DOQ
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rene barbier winemakers association wines
clos mogador
clos dofi
clos de l'obac
clos martinet
clos erasmus
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general climate of priorat
warm continental
north - sheltered by cold winds by the serra de montsant
south - shelter mediterranean influence by the serra de llaberia
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rainfall in priorat
500-600mm mostly in heavy storms in the winter and springs irrigation is only permitted in dry years or when a new vineyard is established
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priorat altitude
100-750mt
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planted area in piorat
only 2000ha in 17600ha
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where are priorat best vineyards located?
slopes known as costers
5% to 60% gradient
narrow terraces are a common feature, helps reduce soil erosion and rainwater enters the soils
no machine can access so all work is done by hand
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soils in priorat
1. poor, stony soils with clay outcrops,
2. llicorella - slate, thin and rocky with mica particles reflecting heat, they are also split vertical so vine roots can go deeper into the soils
3. generally they are all low nutrients and with not much water yields are all quite low
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priorat training
mostly old bush vines some are vsp where terrain makes it possible to do that
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maximum permit yields in priorat
by law is 39hl/ha high density is rare maximum is 5-6hl/ha
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priorat variety
garnacha and carinena (2/3 of black variety planting), well suited to hot days and dry condition (carinena in warmest sites for harsh conditions) garnacha blanc and macabeo (only 6% of plantings are white)
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general winemaking at priorat
traditional - old basket press, large oak fermentation modern - stainless steel, optical sorting main problem is high alcohol
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priorat ageing
1-2 years french oak
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main goal in modern winemaking of priorat
freshness (balance with high alcohol usually around 14.5%) always low yields so also the alcohol needs to be accompanied by mature ripe fruit
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four classifications of priorat wines
1. vi de villa - from one of the 12 zones in priorat + subzone name
2. vi de paratge - single named site, lieu dit, 459 are present inside the whole area of priorat
3. vinya classificada - within a paratge a good vineyard (equivalent to a cru)
4. gran vinya classificada - inside a paratge exceptional vineyard (equivalent to a grand cru)
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general laws for new subzone classification of priorat
1. producers must own the vineyards or minimum 7 years renting
2. minimum % of garnacha/carinena, vine age and maximum yields
3. critical recognition of minimum 5 years
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old vines labeling in priorat
is certified when a vineyard has min 75 years old or planted before 1945
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monsant location
ring around priorat mostly vineyards in the southern areas (flat land, or lower valley or the ebro river)
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monsant climate and 2 main areas
generally mediterranean influences as proximity to the coast (with little shelter from serra de llaberia)
1. north area - mountains, high altitude (300-700mt), cooler temps
2. south area flat or gentle slopes next to river ebro (most vineyards here)
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soils in monsant
clay or sand patches of licorella in the sound north/east high limestone content soils are more fertile than priorat and yields are higher
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vineyards work in monsant (trellising and where they are planted)
slopes terraced some bush vines but many are on vsp for mechanisation as it is pssible here
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grape varieties planted in monsant
94% black: garnacha carinena mostly, also tempranillo and international (syrah, merlot, cab sauv) blends but also single varietal
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ageing in monsant
usually french or american barrels for one or two years
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white varietals in monsant
garnacha blanca and macabeo
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top producers of monsant
espectacle celler de capcanes
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who makes wine in monsant?
700 grape growers, 60 wineries co-ops is most of the work, but estates are growing producers in portugal are setting up ventures here
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market of monsant
45% esported in germany, usa, france, switzerland and UK
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costers del segre location
seven not coinguos areas far from the mediterranean coasts continental climate with low rainfall (400mm)
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costers del segre story
raventos plantings in early 1900 (for cava codorniun)
decades of investment as place is semi-arid
salines soils were improve with irrigation channels
raimat from raventos made his first vintage in 1978 and the do was establish in the 1980 for this success
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costers del segre altitude
200-700mt highest sites are used for cava, whites and early ripening black varieties
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costers del segre needs irrigation?
yes sandy and free draining soils needs water
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varieties in costers del segre
cava varieties (xarelo, macabeo, parellada) chardonnay, garnacha blanc, sauvignon blanc garnacha, tempranillo, cab sauv and merlot (also for rose production) mostly all blends but some single varietals are produced
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costers del segre style
fresh, fruity, early drinking wines reds and chard uses oak (french or american) now less than in the past
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sustainability programs in costers del segre
40 wineries present now an over 70% have a sustinabilit program presented by the region
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costers del segre famous producers
raimat castell d'encous
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valencia and murcia generic specs
1. south-east/east corner of spain
2. mediterranean/continental (depending on coast exposure)
3. bush vine low density (some VSP) hot summers/low rainfall
4. mostly inexpensive, bulk, some premium rare examples
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largest do of valencia
valencia do
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valencia do structure
two non contiguous areas divided in smaller suzones
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valencia do general climate
warm mediterranean cooling influences (altitude or coast proximity) low rainfall (450mm)
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subzones in valencia do
alto turia
valentino
clariano
moscatel
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alto turria subzone (valencia do) specs
1. souther foothills sistema iberico mountain in the upper valley of the river turla
2. high altitude 700-1100mt (coolest area)
3. white wines (moscatel de alejandria and merseguera) mostly blend for this last one which his high vigour
4. mostly bulk but also quality (e.g. El Terrerazo from Bodega Mustiguillo is a dry farmed merseguera)
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valentino subzone (valencia do) specs
1. warmer area, cooling sea breezes
2. 200-650mt altitude
3. local and international (garnacha tintorera (alicante bouschet), tempranillo, cabernet sauvignon, monastrell) red and roses and white (merseguera, macabeo)
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clariano subzone in valencia do specs
same as valentino subzone
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moscatel subzone (valencia do) specs
sweet wine moscatel de valencia vino de licor (unfermented grape must fortified with spirit) both with moscatel de alejandria grape
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producers in valencia do
mostly local co-op (bulk) small growers/producers, some working with obscure little known varieties - strong point in export market
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utiel-requena location
inland from valencia, west limits with la mancha
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utiel requena climate specs
continental 750mt altitude (cooler, spring frost risk) low rainfall (450mm)
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main grape of utiel requena
bobal (70% of plantings)
over 40yr old vines
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bobal specs
mid to late ripening (avoids spring frost) drought tolerant retains acidity ripes unevenly, lacks ripeness in some bunches grippy tannins, high level of colour (in co-op blended for colour and concentration) high yields
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2 main styles of bobal in utiel requena
red and rose
1. carbonic, light body medium tannins
2. concentrated oak matured (old vines)
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alicante do location
non contiguous DO, most southernly around the cit of alicante smallest of valencia's DO (9000ha) also some vineyards in jumilla and yecia can be labeled as alicante do
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alicante climate
mediterranean extremely dry (250mm rainfall)
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2 man zones of production of alicante
1. vinalopo (west) - from the coast to inland at 500mt altitude on sierra de salinas, mainly monastrell
2. marina alta (north east) - 500mm rain (most rainy place), moscatel de alejandra (both dry and sweet)
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monastrell specs in alicante
late ripening drought tolerant, retain acidity in alicante is 75% of planting mostly low density, old bush vines
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alicante grapes and style
monstrell (min 80% can be blended with alicante bouschet, garnacha and bobal) full body, american oak maturation, some producer are going for lower alcohol and acidity and fresh fruit
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what is fondillon?
historic wine of alicante medium sweet red (40g/l maximum) late harvest monastrell min 16% no fortification is allowed 10 years oak ageing (old big oak 1200 litres) labeled as anada (single year) or NV solera system oxidised style
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jumilla do specs + climate
in murcia flat lands warm continental climate altitude 400-800 25k ha planted
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jumilla and water retention
low rainfall extreme (250-300mm) sand over limestone soil can retain ground water many vineyards dont use irrigation
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jumilla grape
monastrell 80% planting low rainfall and extreme heat climate
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jumilla story
mostly bulk inexpensive
1989 philloxera destroys the region
replanted with virus free high quality monastrell clone
vineyard management and improve winemaking techniques
still loads of old vines not affected
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other grapes apart from monastrell in jumilla
cencibel (tempranillo) garnacha tintorera (alicante bouschet) garnacha cabernet sauvignon merlot syrah petit verdot
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style of wines in jumilla
main reds full body also rose and small whites
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production in jumilla
2000 grape growers 40 wineries (including co0ios) majority is bulk, high volume premium (bodegas el nno, casa castillo) mostly export
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yecla main climatic specs
6000ha climate like jumilla but more mediterranean influences 500-900mt low rainfall 300mm
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yecla soils
sand/limestone retain water
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grape of yecla
monastrell mostly
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yecla production
bulk and also bottle mostly co-op and 95% exported
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location and climate of castilla-la mancha
large autonomous communy landlocked and mostly part of spanish meseta (plateau) extreme continental climate
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la mancha (climate, soils, specs)
largest DO in spain, largest PDO of europe
meseta 500-700mt altitude
continental climate (max temp at 45C in summer with -20 cold winters)
low rainfall 300-400mm
limestone and chalk soils to retain water,
drip irrigation is common (40% of vineyards use it)
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plantings in la mancha (grapes and specs)
low planting densities (1000 vines per ha) bush trained, no irrigation
high density (3000) and irrigation
airen most planted, white neutral, stainless, medium acdity, mostly distillation going to brandy de jerez
tempranillo (cencibel), fruity, small passage in oak (crianza, reserva, gran can be found)
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production and markets for la mancha do
15000 growers, 280 wineries (mostly co-op) virgen de las vinas in tomelloso is largest co-op of spain (2k members farming 20k ha) bulk and bottles, 40% exported to chinese market, also germany and russia and netherlands
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valdepenas do
south of la mancha continental climate red wines from cencibel (tempranillo)
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Vino de Pago in la mancha
18 VP most important is dominio de valpedusa (cab sauv, syrah, petit verdot)
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vino de la tierra castilla
vasta area going through la mancha and valdepenas and overse local and internation varieties for inexpensive to mid priced wines
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basque country location and specs
north coast of spain split in two by cantabrian cordillera (sheltered) place also known as euskadi, or pais vasco)
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txakoli do specs
basque country locaton
moderate maritime climate
high rainfall 1600mm
canopy open to ventilation to avoid fungal
hondarrabi zuri grape, released few months after, also lees and oak version
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how is labeled a wine from sierra de gredos and why?
vinos de madrid do
metrida do cebreros do
castylla y leon VT
does not have a DO on his own
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sierra de gredos locations and specs
mountain rangr west of madrid inexpensive wines but some new producers are coming high altitude 600-1200mt continental climate with cooling from altitude
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grapes in sierra de gredos
old vine garnacha (lighter tannins and medium + acidity, still high alcohol)
albillo real white, full body citrus floral, medium or plus acidity, some goes oak ferment and maturation or skins maceration
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two main islands in spain
balearic and canary
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balearic island specs
mallorca (2 DO and VT), menorca, ibiza, formentera
grapes are manto negro (light colour, high alcohol, red fruit) and callet (med to plus acidity med alcohol red fruits)
also monastrell, tempranillo, malvasia, cabernet sauvignon, merlot, syrah. chardonnay
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canary island specs
off coast to marocco, tropical influence (hot/humid) some high altitudes 1500mt rugged topography, machinery is impossible, many aspects (different whites and reds)
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most important canary island
tenerife (has 5 do) as each island has at least a do listan negro (carbonic medium body and tannins, some oak), malvasia, listan blanco (palomino)
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most important do in tenerife
valle de orotava several vines are twisted together to form ropes, traned low
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lanzarote island specs
flat area with dark volcanic ash vines in craters dug in ash and surrounded by stone walls to protect from winds and take moisture low density and low yields of malvasia grape (both dry and sweet)
