SPAN 360 Final Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
T o F: Un problema de la localización de películas es la falta de considerar las referencias culturales
A
TRUE
2
Q
T o F: Los subtítulos son más caros para crear que el doblaje
A
FALSE
3
Q
100 gramos de levadura equivalen a ___ tazas de levadura.
A
0.44
4
Q
¿Qué quiere decir la palabra ‘salteado’ en ingles?
A
Sautéed
5
Q
¿Cómo se dice “pick up truck” en Puerto Rico?
A
Camioneta
6
Q
¿La marca Nissan es de que País?
A
Japón
7
Q
¿Cuál es un alce?
A
Elk or Moose
8
Q
T o F: Las leyes de la caza son iguales para cada estado en los Estados Unidos
A
FALSE
9
Q
Which language is the most commonly spoken in the Overwatch League?
A
Korean
10
Q
What is a calque?
A
A word that is borrowed directly from other languages
11
Q
¿Cuáles aspectos de comida debemos considerar cuando traducimos?
A
ALL OF THE ABOVE
12
Q
T o F: Las comidas que nosotros consideramos “típicas” usualmente son universales.
A
FALSE
13
Q
El sistema medico de México es más privatizado o público?
A
Casi igual
14
Q
Porcentaje de la población de latinoamericanos en EEUU
A
18%
15
Q
Que es una chilena en términos de fútbol.
A
Bicycle kick
16
Q
Cuántos equipos/clubes comenzaron la Superliga Europea (the European Super League).
A
12
17
Q
¿El lenguaje tabú típicamente incluye cuáles de los siguientes componentes?
A
Las palabrotas, las propuestas y el prohibido
18
Q
T o F: Los bilingües nunca utilizan los cambios del código.
A
FALSE
19
Q
¿En qué año requirió la MLB dos intérpretes de tiempo completo para los 30 equipos?
A
2016
20
Q
T o F: Más del 25% de los jugadores de la MLB son internacionales.
A
TRUE
21
Q
¿Porqué los términos de salud mental son tan difíciles a traducir?
A
Hay limites culturales y son difíciles a superar
22
Q
¿En algún momento, cuál porcentaje de la población serán afectados con dificultades de salud mental?
A
45%
23
Q
T o F: En China, es más importante desarrollar relaciones personales con otras personas antes de negociar con ellos.
A
TRUE
24
Q
¿En cual cultura es más común saludar a un socio (compañero) con un beso en la mejilla?
A
Latinoamerica
25
¿Cuál país ha vacunado más personas?
Brasil
26
T o F: ¿Los remedios naturales son muy comunes en Latinoamérica?
TRUE
27
Four skills to measure linguistic competence.
Reading, writing, listening, speaking.
28
Why translation competence simply isn’t an amalgam of these four skills.
None of them are statistically significant to translation, supercompetence needed.
29
Translation competence def by Pym
Someone with the following two abilities:
Ability I: Multiple possible TTs from ST.
Ability II: Choosing best TT to describe ST to a specific audience/purpose.
30
Why translation competence is considered a supercompetence.
Knowledge about language isn’t sufficient, but about culture is essential (domain-specific knowledge).
31
Why Alta Vista (machine translation program) is like a glossary.
Translates specific words without context, matches synonyms.
32
Why Eco argues that translators should be encyclopedias, not dictionaries.
Context is needed for accurate translations. Encyclopedia contains context, dictionary contains definitions.
33
How false cognates show the influence of hermeneutic frameworks.
Hermeneutic framework makes false cognates sound correct since we use our native language to describe world from day one.
34
In Brunswick Gardens, why two letters show how hermeneutic frameworks influence translation.
Different translations due to different frameworks. Women, romance. Reverend, spiritual.
35
Retranslation def.
A translation into the same language more than once, same context.
Passive translation - Translated at different contexts/times.
Active translation - Translated at same space and time, allowing better study of hermeneutic frameworks.
36
How retranslation shows the influence of hermeneutic frameworks.
Differences in active translations show differences in worldview.
37
Why just one translation of Los de abajo includes profanity.
One chose to highlight tone of the words, while the other chose to focus on literal meaning. Original had no profanity.
38
How judges’ powers in Latin America is different than in the US.
Common law countries - responsibility of filing charges against criminals lies with gov lawyers instead of judges.
39
Matt 16, gates of hell. Possible hell def.
Many think it means power of Satan due to a Miltonian/Dantean view - hell = place of suffering where Satan rules. Juedeo-Christian and Islamic beliefs coincide with this and it’s ingrained in western society. Mormons think gates of hell refer to such a place due to this view.
It could actually be an entryway/barrier that keeps spirits from inhabiting bodies on earth.
40
Why narrators make characters do linguistically impossible things
Further the plot, make interesting to viewer.
41
Equivalence operator def.
Makes readers assume that translation is invisible/automatic.
42
Why Pym believes translators should be invisible.
Leads to translation authenticity.
43
How Venuti wants to make translators visible.
Leave ST words and cultural ideas in TT.
44
Pym criticization of Venuti.
Too much attention to translation - TT is thought as not representative of ST and will not be accepted by readers.
45
Covert narrator translation def.
Translation that doesn’t draw attention to itself. Example - Animal farm, pigs can talk, and Parasite, translated from Korean.
46
Continuity problem def.
Inconsistencies found overtime. Example - Narrator amnesia = forgets details from previously established plot lines.
47
How banality of translation explains narrator amnesia.
Translation is present everywhere, so including it without mentioning it could be considered an option.
48
How suspension of disbelief is similar to a translation reader’s willingness to forget.
Suspended disbelief conditions reader to overlook errors, making the text sacred (sacrilize), thus making it the principle for narrative fiction.
49
How Dr. Seuss messed up.
Overlooked translation that needed to occur for monkeys to know that there was a mayor of Whoville, because translation is so banal.
Banality = unoriginal, habitual.
50
Why translators should be concerned with how easily translatable literature appears.
Undervalues translation work. It’s needed, but there isn’t a general awareness of it.
51
Why some LDS readers didn’t understand purpose of pipe in Ensign article.
Hermeneutic frameworks prevented them from seeing pipe’s purpose, which is to show that father in picture is inactive. Showing evil is not advocating evil.
52
Why Card believes that “any depiction of life without evil is a lie”.
Fiction is a necessary lie, depicts truths about the human condition. Goodness doesn’t depict it accurately enough.
53
Card’s “illusion of truth” def.
If a work contains enough elements of real life, we’ll accept it.
54
Card’s “substance/ring of truth” def.
Author’s moral framework - no matter what is written, author’s views are shown in it.
55
How reality is an escape from fiction.
Fiction is stressful, reality is predictable. Predictability of life provides stability not found in fiction.
56
What diversity suggests about why Church members view a particular book as evil or not.
Opinion diversity affects moral code because Church has little firm doctrine on it. All countries in LA have socialized medical care.
57
Difference between observation and truth.
```
Observation = perception of event.
Truth = what actually happened at event.
```
58
Why the phrase “if only” is a lie.
Implies that one change will result in one effect, but there isn’t a single cause to effect nor does a single effect come from any cause. Only deity has perfect knowledge.
59
Why Card argues that fiction “depends as much on the reader as on the writer”.
Reader needs skills and morality to enjoy fiction.
60
Translator subjectivity def.
Translator’s view of oneself. Rationalist model - translator = channel through which translation occurs.
61
How Hermans addresses issue of authenticated translations.
Book of Mormon = “subject-less” translation, so the translator can’t have a subject position that does or does not agree with the author. There were authors, but we’re going off of original English translation.
62
How Venuti views translator invisibility.
Negatively - devalues translations and distances cultures from each other.
63
How Pym views translator invisibility.
Positively - Translation authenticity. Translation should be an ideal equivalent with the translator having no “self”.
64
How Ion and the rabbis that translated the Septuagint who with model of translators as spirit channelers.
Ion = a rhapsode = poetry reciter. The muse poses him and he’s not Ion when reciting.
65
Robinson’s word-demons def.
Responses to ST in imagination of translator while working. Nothing to do with ST but influence TT.
66
How translators use imagination to perform their work.
Imagine what author was trying to say, what their colleagues would do, and how natives would express author’s message.
67
Habitualization role in translation work.
Makes it easier to streamline translation process because they are already practiced.
68
How habitualization suggests rationalism’s executive self.
Subconscious thought of “wow I am speaking another language” while speaking or thinking “should I use subjunctive here?”
69
Why JS isn’t a classic spirit channeler.
He had to study the translation before starting and inspiration/revelation was involved.
70
JS’s unusual approach to revealed language.
Didn’t claim that the word’s in revelation were God’s, never considered it perfect. God revealed concepts, JS puts them into words.
71
Why JS is a creative translator.
Translated the same passage a different with different wording, showing which demons were listened to.
72
Why God didn’t provide English version of the Book of Mormon.
Translation process refined JS so he could lead church more effectively.
73
Refraction/rewriting def by Lefevere.
Refraction bends things, interpretation is a fact of reading. Every act of communication is an act of interpretation so when we evaluate a translation, we have an ideal translation in mind.
74
Why Lefevere considers refraction to be a fact of literature.
Misunderstandings and changes exist because there is never true originality. The best draw their ideas from somewhere, thus refracting those ideas. Example = Count Dracula not being physically appealing at all while Edward is.
75
Four reasons why Romantic thought opposes refraction, all disagreed by Lefevere.
1) Originality of author.
2) Sacred character, not to be tampered with.
3) Belief in chance of recovering author’s true intentions.
4) Words should be judged on intrinsic merit only, excluding external forces.
76
Why Lefevere opposes idea of truly original work of literature.
True originality doesn´t exist, any author is immersed in prior authors, and no one can create in a vacuum.
77
What Lefevere means when he says that Romanticism assumes texts have “a sacred character” (disagreed by him)
ST cannot and should not be tampered with due to sacred value.
78
How a systems approach depends upon Tory’s concept of norms.
Polysystem with cirlces of importance regarding literature, showing that some things are central, others not.
79
Three forms of refraction.
Translation, criticism, historiography.
80
Literature constraints on Lefevere’s system approach assumptions.
1) Literature = system, embedded in environment of culture.
2) Literature = contrived system, having objects (texts) and those who write/refract/distribute/read them.
3) Literature = stochastic system, indeterminate and only allows predictions with certain probability without being absolute.
4) Literature = natural work, written formally and as a reflection of culture.
81
Relationship between literary system’s “regulatory body” and patronage.
Regulatory body = people/organization.
Patronage = ideological, economic, based on status.
Audience, political figures, and clients will influence author.
82
Why constraint of natural language is similar to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Natural language = translation domestication.
83
How refraction represents a compromise between two systems.
Serves as a bridge that satisfies systems’ constraints, not a perfect match but compromise is necessary.
84
How author’s reputation in the source culture affects degree of compromise between two systems.
Higher reputation = source culture has dominance of receiving more say in the compromise between the two.
85
How a target culture’s need for the author affects degree of compromise.
More need of receiving side = more the compromise tips in favor of receiving side.
86
How Brecht’s work shows that Britain needed him more than the US.
Work was more accepted in Britain, showing his work was needed more there than in US.
87
Literary canon def.
Classics without questioning ideological, economic, or aesthetic constraints.
88
How anthologies create literary canon.
Purpose = introduce student to drama, student will accept them as classics.
89
How different translators’ approaches to Brecht’s profanity show power of artistic regulatory bodies.
They decided how to handle profanity, changing ST in order to fit norms and standards of TT.
90
Why art and media are important.
They influence our worldview.
91
Empathic accuracy def.
Ability to imagine others’ perspectives.
92
Imagination’s role in empathic accuracy.
Translator must imagine expectations of varying audiences while maintaining awareness of his own.
93
Why abusive husbands are motived not to empathize with their wives.
Domination lacks room for empathy.
94
How motivation affects “women’s intuition”.
Situation cues tell women that women are more empathetic than men.
95
How men have been encouraged to improve empathic accuracy.
If they get paid more.
96
How “acquaintance” influences perceptions of a person/group.
More knowledge over time = increase in empathic accuracy because personal examples of how/why they live the way they do are seen.
97
Two activities that help translators improve their empathic accuracy.
Out loud group translations and hard discussion topics.
98
How the illegal immigrants situation show a method for helping one develop empathic accuracy for groups not generally liked.
Trying to see from a different perspective = increase in empathic accuracy. Strong topics = conversation engagement.
99
Why morse code operators transmit messages they don’t understand.
Dots and dashes replace letters so understanding the message is not needed.
100
Difference between transliteration and translation.
Transliteration - understanding symbols isn’t necessary.
| Translation - understanding SL and TL is essential.
101
Synonymy def.
Equivalence between two words of different languages (doesn’t exist).
102
Why translation would be easy if lexicon contained only synonyms.
Only one def per word, no alternate meanings. Synonymy would be the norm.
103
Homonymy def.
Single word with two or more concepts.
104
Difficulty of homonymy.
One of the many concepts needs to be chosen when translating depending on context.
105
Interpretant def.
Possible meaning amongst many meanings pertaining to one word.
106
How encyclopedia provides more interpretants than a dictionary.
It goes into depth contextually for each interpretant.
107
How every interpretant resembles a homonym.
Interpretant represents one version of a word with many meanings. That word is a homonym. Example = bachelor.
108
Why Alta Vista never interpreted “the name God” when translating Genesis from English to Spanish.
List of meanings for God was made but lacked knowledge about God. Transliteration was present, missing important context for the entire text.
109
Why an experienced interpreter can “infer, from a wrong translation of an unknown original, what that original was probably saying”.
Knowledge of ST world allows linguistic mistakes to be found and fixed.
110
How a ST world helps translators make decisions about meaning.
Provides context, allowing suitable meaning to be chosen.
111
Why translation isn’t “a process taking place between two tongues” according to Eco.
It’s more than transferring languages, it’s getting to the true meaning through linguistic/world knowledge. Translating texts, not languages. Context is essential.
112
How Eco decides what makes a good translation.
Considers text’s context and use world-knowledge to make linguistic decisions.
113
C3PO’s scare resource.
Translating ability of 6 million forms of communication.
114
How C3PO control of that resource give him power.
Hostility turns to respect upon realizing communication is possible.
115
How the problem “the messenger and the message become one” suggests about tensions interpreters encounter in their word.
Translators in difficult situations cannot remain immune to pressures of competing interests.
116
How movie interpreters fill a testimonial view along with a communicative role?
Interpreters become witnesses to key events since they’re present to make sure accurate communication occurs.
117
How movies democratize linguistic incomprehension and thus show people’s need for interpreters.
Not using subtitles when another language is spoken, making translation a known need for all.
118
How expressions of emotion transcend translation.
They’re unique and don’t need to be necessarily translated.
119
Universal grammar of gesture.
Incorrectly assuming that gestures are universal. Example = Ewoks pointing where Leia should go.
120
How subtitles indicate “otherness” or “difference”.
Shows audience that translation dependency exists.
121
Intralingual translation example.
Yoda changing order of words.
122
How accents can reveal whether a character is good or bad.
Accents signal the untranslatable.
123
Going native def.
Sense of fidelity to a language/culture that is not necessarily admirable.
124
How archaic English indicates a character’s subservience to another.
Archaic language = older language used to present elderly or distinguished. Example = C3PO presenting masters.
125
How lack of intelligible language allows lack of remorse.
Not understand a culture = decrease of empathy and remorse.
126
How diversity reflects commitment to democratic ideals.
Diversity shows that it doesn’t matter who you are, all deserve freedom.
127
Literary translator salary.
Very low, those who translate toilet paper packaging make more money than those who translate important texts.
128
How Spanish translators have resolved problem of “Tom Marvolo Riddle”.
“Tom Sorvolo Ryddle, Soy Lord Voldemore”
129
Copyright right protections for translators.
Nonexistent, some countries require permission to be obtained from publisher of ST to publish in TT. Thai - less complicated laws around legality of translation.
130
Why translators catch errors that proofreaders don’t.
Translators pay more attention to detail due to need for accurate translation.
131
Juan Ramón and Dr. Suess relationship.
Sam I am = Juan Ramón in Spanish to preserve rhyme. Huevos verdes con Jamón.
132
Poetry Translation Centre’s relationship with Amazonian bejuco vines.
PTC = Translators with different backgrounds who come together to translate. They translated María Clara Sharupi Jua’s poem of 13 words w/o knowing the language. Example = no real way to translate “bejuco”.
133
How translating poetry is either “act of supreme empathy” or an act of colonization.
Act of love/empathy V creating a sameness of language, eliminating diversity.
134
Ethical issues of translating God and Jesus into Chinese.
Buddhism is prevalent in Chinese culture, so religious terms are translated into Buddhism terms.
135
Why St. Jerome’s Moses has horns.
Mistranslation of Hebrew word “karan” (radiance) to “horned”.
136
How self-censorship appears in translation of Buddhist writings.
Some aspects of Buddhism were not agreeable to translators.
137
Muslim attitude towards Korean translation.
It is argued that ST cannot be translated from Arabic to TT, because you cannot translate the world of God, only explain and paraphrase it.
138
Why Martin Luther’s bible influenced German development.
No standard language in German literature before its publication.
139
Why Japanese women give chocolates to men on Valentine’s Day.
Mistranslated ad in Japan that said women should buy chocolates for men instead of the other way around.
140
Transcreation def.
ST concept completely rewritten in TT to convey idea of ST. Example = greeting cards - localization of message.
141
Translation’s role in medical tourism area of cosmetic surgery.
Translate online material for foreign products, scientific journals, international patents, and customer service communication.
142
Relationship of manure and Mist Stick in Germany.
Mist = manure in German. Lack of customer appeal.
143
Color translation problems.
Wide/small vocabulary to describe a single color, Examples =
Guindo = dark cherry, Brown = marrón, pardo, café.
144
Blue and green’s relationship with grue.
Navajo, Tzeltal, Vietnamese, Japanese and Korean have words that in different contexts mean both green and blue.
145
Kind of research Fergie used for cosmetics.
Dictionaries, glossaries, bilingual makeup books, internet research for current trends.
146
How to learn high fashion language.
Incorporates words of many languages, requires extensive reading/research into the world of fashion as well as into these languages.
147
Stylesight def.
Trend forecasting company, uses trends from runway and local markets to predict next fashion. Affects retailer decisions.
148
Miss Universe Pageant translation needs.
Translation of interview portion for non-English speaking candidates, communication between contestants and cameramen, and voiceovers during candidate introductions.
149
Reason food companies change product names internationally.
Possible unsavory translation. Example = Pan bimbo = fat drink in Swedish.
150
Not-so-predictable equivalent of condom in Portuguese/Spanish
Preservativo.
151
Confusion around almuerzo.
Lunch has many different words in Spanish, depends on country. Example = almuerzo = brunch in some parts of Mexico. Merienda = lunch in Ecuador but means snack in almost all other countries.
152
Confusion around wine
Wine descriptions are full of not easily translated jargon.
153
Difference between Deaf person and deaf person.
Deaf person = deaf since birth or young age, deaf person = cannot hear.
154
Why hand gestures aren’t sufficient to communicate message in ASL.
Depends on where sign is given in relation to body. Expressions are essential to meaning.
155
Relationship between amorous drunk chickens and Cirque de Soleil.
Interpreters made up phrases during training exercises.
156
Why some oppose the idea of presenting operas in translation.
They believe that opera must be done in SL to maintain authenticity.
157
How Chinese translators made Mamma Mia palatable to their audience.
Shanghainese slang, Mongolian/Tibetan folk dances added to dialogue.
158
How Backstroke of the West shows Lucas’s problems with film-title translation.
Translation to Chinese and then back to English made this title, showing that some titles require rewording to sound right.
159
How William’s hairy body shows why the Simpsons was hard to translate
Foreigners didn’t know that Williams had a hairy body.
160
Culprit behind arcade game mistranslations.
Translation errors increase when only a small portion of text is given out of context.
161
Relationship of “all your base are belong to us” and CATS.
CATS character in Zero Wing (Japanese game) says this phrase incorrectly.
162
How Yao Ming understood insults from O’Neal.
Interpreter Coline Pine.
163
MLB languages.
English, Spanish, Japanese.
164
Challenge for soccer content translation into Brazilian Portuguese.
Translation must be for semi-illiterate readers who consider themselves experts in soccer.
165
How referees penalized players who cursed at the World Cup.
Learned swear words in 17 different languages.
166
How boxing interpreter’s approach changes during post-fight interviews.
Must switch between simultaneous and consecutive interpreting when needed.
167
How Olympic interpreters show difference between passive and active languages.
```
Passive = understood and can be translated into active.
Active = spoken fluently.
```
168
Twitter’s translating method.
Community translators, volunteers that submit translations which are voted on by local translators.
169
Wikipedia’s translating methods.
Volunteers upload original article in native language, volunteer translations from other languages, and automatic translations.
170
How Wikipedia helps pro translators.
Many articles made by native volunteers, allowing Wiki to be a source for understanding local language, word choice and culture.
171
What happens to Linked In’s users when new language is added.
Increase in number, especially for those that speak that language.
172
TED def and translation method.
Short speeches given on a variety of important/interesting topics. 7500 volunteers provide subtitles in over 91 languages.
173
Crowdsourcing work for translating Facebook content.
Platform opened for language that gains sufficient interest. This gives opportunities for pro translators to participate in the process.
174
Term base def.
Database with descriptive info about each term.
175
Translation memory def.
Translation database that stores translation for use later on, thus removing translation from nothing.
176
Machine translation def.
Translation through online program or tool. Automatically translates text according to previously set rules. Editing it afterwards can sometimes be more difficult than translating from scratch.
177
Types of Machine translation.
Rules-Based, Neural Net, Statistical.
178
Rules-Based machine translation
Has programmed grammar rules. Breaks a sentence into components.
179
Neural Net translation, Artificial intelligence.
Uses a computer that’s power allows it to pass a Turing test.
Singularity entity - does mental tasks better, faster, and more efficiently than humans.
It’s predicted that Singularity entity will replace all translators.
Produces idiomatic language that has a chance for catastrophic error.
180
Statistical machine translation def, Google means of translating.
Algorithms fed huge amounts of data to process it and emulate human language, predicts how a human would translate something.
Uses bi-text (ST + human-translated text).
Good for defined areas such as economics, nuclear, cooking.
Limitations: new terminology, changes in language, slang, new terminology.
181
Two areas in which machine translating has been effective.
Legal field (sifting through data for relevant terms for attorneys), and manufacturing (translation of documentation that contains repetition).
182
How machine translation increases translators’ opportunities for pro work.
Pros needed to make software and edit results.
183
Microsoft LIP def, and how they make less-common languages “cool” for younger members.
LIP = Language Interface Pack, made by communities of languages to make translations to the most commonly used part of translation programs. These available languages for “cool” aspects of life increases appeal for younger members.
184
Unlikelihood of a Universal Translator. (limitations of machine translation)
Machine limitation in perceiving sounds, tuning out background noise, and simultaneous interpretation.
185
Translationparty.com use.
Translates English phrases to Japanese and back. People vote on quality of the translation.
186
Gisting def.
Summarized translation not meant to be perfect/exact.
187
Noah/Riplakish Book of Mormon Allusion
Taxes, building program, concubines, killed by his own people.
188
Hermeneutic Frameworks def.
Definition - Describes external/internal influences of our worldview and how translators interpret a ST to produce a TT.
Philosophy of understanding = Exploring how we understand
External forces mainly determine how we look at ourselves.
Internal forces = genetics, emotions, memories.
189
How people read
Experiences of the world influence how we read.
190
Constraints on translators’ choices
Differences in active translations show differences in worldview. Translators may have bias and might be unable to translate something they don’t agree with.
TRANSLATION COMPETENCE.
191
The role of imagination and empathy
Translators may be taking into account how their audience may react to how they translate, prompting a different kind of translation.
