Spanish Structures & More Flashcards by Jill Bodenbach

tener + que + infinitive

Structure #1

Have to do X

Tengo que hablar > I have to talk
Tienes que ir > You have to go

Structure #1

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ir + a + infinitive

Structure #2

Going to X

Voy a hablar
Voy a tener que hablar

Structure #2

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antes + de + inf
después + de + inf

Structures #3

Antes / Después + de + inf
*Before or after something happens

Structures #3

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antes + de + que + subj
después + de + que + subj

Structures #4

Antes / Después + de + que + subj
*Before or after SOMEONE does something

Structures #4

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podría + haber + ido/ado

ido/ado = past participle

Structure #5a

Someone could have done X

Podria haber sido mejor, si había hablado mas profundo

Structure #5a

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debería + haber + ido/ado

Structure #5b

Someone should have done X
* Deberia haber hablado mas

Structure #5b

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estar + ando/iendo
ir + ando/iendo
terminar + ando/iendo
venir + ando/iendo
andar + ando/iendo
llevar + ando/iendo
pasar + ando/iendo
hacer + ando/iendo
parar + ando/iendo
seguir/quedarse + ando/iendo

Structure #6a

estar + ando/iendo = doing X
ir + ando/iendo = make progress X’ing
terminar + ando/iendo = end up X’ing
venir + ando/iendo = history of X’ing
andar + ando/iendo = busy X’ing
llevar + ando/iendo= been doing X (carry time)
pasar + ando/iendo = spend time X’ing
hacer + ando/iendo = make someone X
parar + ando/iendo = stop X’ing
quedarse + ando/iendo = keep X’ing

Structure #6a

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ejemplos
estar + ando/iendo
ir + ando/iendo
venir + ando/iendo
andar + ando/iendo
terminar + ando/iendo
pasar + ando/iendo
llevar + ando/iendo
seguir + ando/iendo

ando/iendo = present partiple

Structure #6b

Progressively doing X in the moment
* *Estoy pensando *en ir, porque tengo que ir ya que (since) voy a tener mucha que hacer.
* voy comiendo - make progress eating
* vengo deciendo eso desde que salimos - I have been saying this since we left
* ando comiendo - busy eating
* *termino comiendo *= I end up eating
* llevo comiendo = I’ve been eating (carry time)
* paso comiendo = spend time eating
* sigo comiendo = I’m still eating
* Siempre termina seindo un problema! - It always ends up being a problem!

also with: llevar, venir, ir, pasar, terminar, hacer, seguir, andar…

Structure #6b

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es + adj + que + subj

Structure #7

Describes what someone does

Es bueno que estudies
Es importante que vayas estudiar porque teines que aprender.
Es importante que encuentres mas oportunicdades de viajar.

Structure #7

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desire verb + que + subj

Structure #8

Person 1 wants person 2 to do X
Desire verbs:
necesitar, querer, esperar, desear, ojala, preferer, pedir

Quiero que duermas
Prefiero que sepas
Espero que tengas
Necesito que hagas

person or it

Structure #8

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acabar + de + uv
terminar + de + uv
volver + a + uv

Structure #9

acabar + de + infinitive
* someone has just done X
* acabo de comer

terminar + de + infinitive
* someone has finished doing X
* termino de hablar

volver + a + infintive
* someone will do X again
* vuelvo a leer

Structure #9

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estar + por + infinitive

estar + a punto de + infinitive

Structure #10

About to do X

Estamos por salir
* we are about to leave

Hay muchas personas que *estan por salir *
* There are many people that are about to leave

Estoy a punto de salir de una clase en San Diego.

Structure #10

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changed verb + unchanged verb

Structure #11a

Desire an action
When person 1 wants something from person 2, but also himself.
Usually cv is desire verbs*:
* necesitar, querer, esperar, desear, ojala, preferer, pedir…

Quiero ir
Necesito venir
Puedo hacerlo

Structure #11a

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article + noun + de + article + noun

Structure #12

Organizes people, places & things

El primero del mes
El rey del barrio
El capitan del barco

All verbs can function as nouns.
Every part of the structure is optional!
Any part can be the ‘starting point’.

Structure #12

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Al + infinitive

Structure #13

Upon or when X

Al llegar de la casa, voy a tener que comer.
Al entrar, no crees que tengas que decir ‘Hola’.

Structure #13

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estar + ido/ado
ser + ido/ado

terminar + ido/ado

ido/ado = past participle

Structure #14

To be done or Is done
* Es completado - is completed
* Va a ser terminado hoy - it is going to be finished today
* Espero que vaya a ser terminado pronto.
* Al ser completado, vamos a descansar.
* Esta siendo completado justo en este momento. - It is being completed at this very moment.

can also use terminar, venir, ir…

Structure #14

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hay + que + infinitive

Structure #15

One must X, Is neccesary to to X

Hay que comer
Hay que estudiar español para aprender español.

Structure #15

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cuando
donde
como
quien
lo que
+
sea + que + subjunctive

Structure #16

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cuando sea que X - whenever
* Cuando sea que salgas - whenever you leave.

donde sea que X = wherever
* Donde sea que vayas - wherever you go.

como sea que X - however
* Come sea que seas - however you are.

quien sea que X = whoever
* A quien sea que le digas - to whom ever you tell

lo que sea que X - whatever
* Lo que sea que hagas - whatever you do

Structure #16

que + tan + adj + ser

Structure #17

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To what extent X is/was/will be

Que tan lejos es Madrid?
Que tan serio queires esto sea = How serious do you want this to be?

Que tan = Cual = How

Structure #17

reflexive verb + adj (describing word)

Structure #18

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Describes a state or condition someone is in, OR pretends to be in OR falls into.

verse - state someone/thing looks like they are in
quedarse - state someone falls into
hacerse - state someone pretends to be in
pararcese - state someone/thing seems to be in

Structure #18

ser / estar + ido/ado

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to be done, will be done

tener / ser / haber +
amount + que + infinitive

Structure #20

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Relates actions to amounts

Tengo mucho que hacer.
Tenemos demasiado libros que leer.
Hay muchas cosas con que soñas y muchas persones con que contar. - There are many things (with which) to dream and many people (con which) to rely/count on.

Structure #20

puede + ser + que + subj

tal vez + subj
quizas + subj

porlo menos + subj

Structure #21

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Could be, Maybe, Perhaps, at least
* Puede ser que vayamos - Maybe we will go. reply: peude que si o puede ser!
* Puede ser que tengas que volver a hacerlo! - Maybe you have to do it again!

Por lo menos - at least

Structure #21

Command structure

Structure #22

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Use the subjunctive for EVERYthing, excepts:

affirmative ‘tu’ uses the Tu present indicative, drop the ‘s’!

Structure #22

Irregular Command Verbs | Imperative tense ## Footnote Structure #22b

*Saber (+ -) = sepa* **Positive Commands:** * Ser = se * Ir = Ve * Tener = Ten * Poner = Pon * Salir = Sal * Venir = Ven * Hacer = Haz * Decir = Di | aka Imperative tense ## Footnote Structure #22b

se + affected party + changed verb ## Footnote Structure #23

**Used to talk about things that are unintentional**, that happen _to us_, which make us the 'victim'. * se rompío - it broke (itself) * se me rompío - it broke, all on it's own, and i'm the victim * se me occurío - it occured to me... out of the blue, like magic ## Footnote Structure #23

Por + infinitive Por + noun ## Footnote Structure #24

***Because of* or *Due to*** * Por amor voy a luchar - because of love I am going to fight! ## Footnote Structure #24

con tal que subj de que subj para cuando subj ## Footnote Structure #25b

as long as X as soon as X by the time X ## Footnote Structure #25b

para + infinitive para + noun para + que + subj para + cuando + subj ## Footnote Struture #26

**para + infinitive** = *in order to X* **para + noun** = *for noun* **para que + subj** = *so that X* **para cuando + subj** = *by the time X* ## Footnote Struture #24

así que, para que subj ya que

so that given that, since

lo + adj (describing word) ## Footnote Structure #19

**The X thing** * lo bueno = the good thing * lo interesante = the interesting thing * lo mismo = the same **Lo + adj + de + infinitive** ???ask ??? * where verbs act like a noun * Lo bueno es que te va a ayudar. - The good thing is that he is going to help you. ## Footnote Structure #19

person + toca + hacer

to have to do X ej: nos toca hacer tocar - to fall upon someone to do X | similar to tener que uv

va + a + haber

***There is going to be X*** * Va a haber una fiesta. * No creo que vaya a haber tiempo para hacerlo.

el + uv + cv ## Footnote Structure #11b

**The act of X'ing** * El trabajar = working * El viajar = traveling * El bailar = dancing ## Footnote Structure #11a

Haber/Habiendo + ido/ado

**Having done something, Since X** * Habiendo hablado fuertemente = having spoken strongly. * Habiendo tenido que hacerlo. = having had to do it.

Uses of the word 'Que' in Spanish

Who -------- That ------ Enables subjuntivo What ------- Than ----- Enables mention of other person Why -------- One ------- Clarifies actions v noun How -------- May Which ------ Like --------------- as / as far as --------------- Because

Imperfecto Subjunctive *Subjunctive Imperfect - Past Subjunctive Tense*

**Expresses**: *It's too late to change* Remorse, Regret **Use infinitive stem + SI endings**: +ara ------- Hablara ------| +iera ------- Corriera +aras ------ Hablaras ----| +ieras ------ Corrieras +ara ------- Hablara ------| +iera ------- Corriera +áramos - Habláramos | +iéremos - Corriéremos +aráis ---- Hablaráis -----| +iereis ----- Corriereis +aran ----- Hablaran -----| +ieran ------ Corrieran

**'Could' does not exist in the Past!** * ENG: X person should have done Y, so that they could do Z * ESP: X person should have done Y, so that they would have been able to do Z * ESP: X person should have done Y, so that they (also) would have done Z

EN: I should have finished, so that I could have made it to the party. ES: Debería haber terminado para que hubiera podido llegar a la fiesta. **??? check this translation** EN: You should have spoken slower so that the people could have understood. ES: Deberías haber hablado mas lento para que la gente hubiera podido entender. | hubiera podido - would have been able to

There are 3 kinds of "it" in the spanish language:

1. The IT for which there is no word 2. IT the doer of the action: tiene, ayuda, habla, come >> it has, it helps, it speaks, it eats 3.

Bien vs Buen/o/a

**Bien: adverb Modifies a verb, other adverbs or adjectives** * Answers: How, to what extent * Can mean 'muy' * ej: Hablas bien rapido - You speak very quickly. **Buen/o a: Adjective Describes a noun** * Answers: What kind? * buen vs bueno [both masculine] * If before the noun - use buen * if After the noun - use bueno

Mal v Malo

**Mal/o a: Adjective Describes a noun** * Answers: What kind? * mal vs malo [both masculine] * If before the noun - use mal * if after the noun - use malo

**IR** replaces **estar** in order to EMPHASIZE the progress one is making in doing X.

**Example**: *Vamos avanzando en el proyecto = We are making progress in the project. Aka it is moving forward*

Where verbs act as nouns

**art + noun + de + art + noun** where a verb can act as a process or act El trabajar - The art of working The way he runs is interesting >> El correr **de** él es interesante.

Opción 1: el/la o los/las + más/menos + adj Opción 2: el/la o los/las + que + verbo + más/menos ## Footnote El Superlativo

1: Ella es la más premiada. 2: Ella es la que gana más. ## Footnote El Superlativo

Spanish Structures & More Flashcards

(44 cards)