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Physics > Spare Part Surgery > Flashcards

Spare Part Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Ethical Frameworks

A

characterise the thought process we go through, the reasons we give when deciding how to act in a certain situation

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2
Q

Utilitarianism

A

believe the best course of action is the one giving way to the most happiness

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3
Q

Divine Command

A

using religions writings to guide the decision

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4
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

the right course of action is that which is considered ‘virtuous’ (morally correct)

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5
Q

Rights and Duties

A

people have certain rights and other people have a duty to grant them this right (e.g. patient has right to treatment and doctor has to grant it to them)

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6
Q

Good bone substitute

A
  • material must be strong enough to withstand and exert forces involved in movement
  • mechanical properties must be similar to those of real bone
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7
Q

Smooth material

A

has a low friction surface

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8
Q

Durable material

A

can withstand repeated loading and unloading

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9
Q

Tensile stress

A

when the sample is pulled

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10
Q

Compressive stress

A

when the sample is squashed

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11
Q

Ultimate compressive/tensile stress

A

stress needed to break a material

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12
Q

Strain

A

the ratio of compression/extension to the original length

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13
Q

Young’s modulus

A

stress/strain

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14
Q

limit of proportionality

A

when the two variables no longer create a straight line

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15
Q

elastic limit

A

beyond this point the material will be plastically deformed so won’t go back to original shape/size

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16
Q

What is the area under a force extension graph?

A

the elastic energy (1/2fx)

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17
Q

What is the gradient of a stress strain graph?

A

Young’s Modulus

18
Q

What is the area under a stress strain graph?

A

energy density

19
Q

Yield point

A

dip on stress strain graph after elastic limit reached - after this point the material becomes plastic

20
Q

Ultimate tensile strength/stress

A

highest point on a stress strain graph - this is the maximum stress the material can take before breaking

21
Q

What are diffraction patterns used for?

A

to identify the structure of small materials

22
Q

Why are we looking into polymers for replacement body parts?

A

because they have similar properties to bones:

are strong and have an ultra high molecular weight

23
Q

Converging lens (Convex)

A
  • brings light together at a focal point
  • fattest in middle
  • real image
24
Q

Diverging lens (Concave)

A
  • spreads light out
  • thinnest in middle
  • virtual image
25
Q

Drawing ray diagrams

A
  • draw a ray parallel to principle axis (from object to lens)
  • draw refracted ray from principle axis through focal point
  • draw undeviated ray through the middle of the lens from object
  • draw image where the two rays cross
26
Q

Object position: Outside 2F

A
  • Image position: between F and 2F
  • real
  • inverted
  • diminished
27
Q

Object position: At 2F

A
  • Image position: At 2F
  • real
  • inverted
  • same size
28
Q

Object position: Between F and 2F

A
  • Image position: outside 2F
  • real
  • inverted
  • magnified
29
Q

Object position: At F

A
  • Image position: at ∞
  • real
  • inverted
  • at ∞
30
Q

Object position: Inside F

A
  • Image position: -between F and 2F
  • virtual
  • upright
  • magnified
31
Q

What is a real image?

A

can be projected onto a screen (is on the other side of the lens from the object)

32
Q

Diverging lens image

A
  • virtual
  • upright
  • diminished
  • closer to lens than object
33
Q

What sound frequencies can we hear?

A

20-20000Hertz

34
Q

Above 20000Hz

A

Ultrasound

35
Q

Below 20Hz

A

Infrasound

36
Q

Uses of ultrasound in medicine:

A
  • check blood flow
  • break up kidney stones
  • pictures of developing foetuses
37
Q

Sound

A
  • is a longitudinal wave
  • through air at 340m/s
  • can reflect, refract, superpose and form standing waves
38
Q

Ultrasonic probe

A

has a piezo-electric transducer

39
Q

Why is coupling gel used?

A

so the ultrasound doesn’t reflect off the skin

40
Q

How does ultrasound work?

A

It will travel at different speeds in different materials so we measure the time taken for the echo to return. This will depend on the material as well as the distance. The wavelength of the ultrasound will change.
At each boundary some of the ultrasound will reflect and some will refract

41
Q

Doppler Effect (Towards)

A

Moving source towards you means more waves per second so it has a higher frequency and higher pitch than the emitted ones. The wavelength received will be shorter than emitted

42
Q

Doppler Effect (Away from)

A

Moving source away from you means the wavelength will be longer than the emitted. This causes the frequency and pitch to decrease so they’ll be lower than the original

Physics (12 decks)

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