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Physiology 214 > Special sense-1 > Flashcards

Special sense-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

is the conscious interpretation of the external world created by patterns of activity in the brain

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2
Q

Perception is Limited by

A
  1. Our receptor types
    example: humans do not sense magnetic fields or UV light
  2. Our level of sensitivity
    example: we only hear certain frequencies of sound
  3. Central processing and filtering
    example: what grabs your attention in a crowded room is based on your sensitivity, past experience, etc
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3
Q

What is responsible for perception and sensation

A

The outer region of the brain, the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

the awareness of the stimuli

A

Sensation

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5
Q

the interpretation of the stimuli

A

Perception

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Sensory Receptor Action

A

Sensory Receptors convert (transduce) information from the environment into electrical signals.

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8
Q

Stimulus:

A

change detectable by the body

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9
Q

Receptor:

A

structure within an afferent neuron that responds to stimuli by producing depolarizing graded potentials (receptor potentials)

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10
Q

Sensory Transduction:

A

conversion of stimulus energy (ex: light, heat, sound) into electrical energy

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11
Q

The _______ consists of nerve fibers that carry information between the CNS and other parts of the body.

A

peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

The _________ of the PNS sends information about the external and the internal environment to the CNS.

A

afferent division

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13
Q

Stimuli exist in various energy forms, or modalities, such as

A

heat, light, sound, pressure, and chemical changes.

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14
Q

Afferent neurons have sensory receptors at their _________ that respond to stimuli in both the external world and the internal environment.

A

peripheral endings

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15
Q

Receptors must convert these other forms of energy into

A

electrical signals

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16
Q

Stimuli bring about graded potentials known as _______ in the receptor.

A

receptor potentials

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17
Q

sensory transduction.

A

The conversion of stimulus energy into a receptor potential

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18
Q

Receptor potentials in turn trigger ________ in the afferent fibres

A

action potentials

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19
Q

Sensory Receptors are activated by a specific stimulus with different sensitivities, this is called the

A

adequate stimulus

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20
Q

Some receptors can respond weakly to stimuli other than their adequate stimulus, but even when activated by a different stimulus, a receptor still gives rise to the sensation usually detected by that receptor type
True or false?

A

True

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21
Q

Photoreceptors

A

responsive to visible light

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22
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to mechanical energy

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23
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to heat and cold.

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24
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

detect changes in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the resultant changes in osmotic activity

25
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to specific chemicals

26
Q

Nociceptors, or pain receptors

A

sensitive to tissue damage

27
Q

What causes changes in electrical activity in a sensory neuron

A

An adequate stimulus at a receptor

28
Q

Some receptors can respond weakly to other stimuli in addition to their adequate stimulus.
Give an example

A

photoreceptors respond to light, but also weakly to mechanical touch, a mechanical compression of the eye will result in “perception” of light.

29
Q

What increases stimulus intensity

A

Number of receptors stimulated
– stronger stimuli usually affect larger areas

Frequency of action potentials
– stronger stimuli generate a larger receptor
potential, therefore a greater frequency of
action potentials

30
Q

T/F

The body is able to adjust to stimulus as more information is brought in.

A

True

31
Q

Response to a stimulus can be altered in 3 ways

A

Receptor Adaptation
Neuron Habituation
Neuron Sensitivity

32
Q

Sensory Receptor Adaptation

A

Receptors can “adapt” to stimuli by decreasing the extent of depolarization to sustained or repeated stimuli.

If a stimulus is repeated enough times, then the frequency of action potentials generated to the SAME stimulus will decrease, and the receptor no longer responds to the same degree as it did before

33
Q

Tonic Receptors:

A

[do not adapt, or adapt very slowly]
- Constant firing rate
- For situations where continuous information
about a stimulus is valuable
Examples: proprioceptors pain, muscle stretch

continue to generate action potentials, even with multiple repeated stimuli used for maintenance functions,
example balance and posture information always relayed to CNS via stretch receptors

34
Q

Phasic Receptors:

A 
[rapidly adapting]
- Report changes in the environment
- Burst of firing at the beginning and end of 
  stimulus
Examples: temperature, smell, touch

stop responding quickly when stimulus is repeated
used for signalling stimulus changes and intensity,
example touch receptors on skin adapt to items frequently worn such as a ring or a watch.

35
Q

Habituation:

A

Neurons will reduce their response to repeated stimuli by depressing synaptic activity

36
Q

Neuron Habituation example mechansim

A

repeated stimulus reduces activity through changes in the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic terminal

37
Q

Sensitization:

A

Neurons will increase their responsiveness to stimuli following strong or noxious stimulus

38
Q

Neuron Sensitization example mechanism

A

painful or strong stimulus leads to serotonin release, acting via a 2nd messenger cAMP cascade, which blocks K+ channels, prolonging action potentials in the pre-synaptic neuron

39
Q

receptive fields

A

Sensory neurons respond to stimulus information within small regions of input

40
Q

The sensitivity of an area is determined by

A

the amount of receptors per area, where the most receptors in a small space leads to the highest sensitivity.

41
Q

fingertip touch receptors

A

Small, dense receptive fields correspond to the most sensitive areas

42
Q

lower leg touch receptors

A

Large, diffuse receptive fields correspond to the least sensitive areas

43
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

> helps to increase sensory discrimination
and localization when receptive fields are
very dense
The receptive field closest to the stimulus
will be most active, and the receptive fields
nearby will be only weakly activated
This occurs at the level of the receptors
and the CNS via inhibitory neuron
activation and increases the contrast of
stimuli perception

44
Q
A
45
Q

Major Sensory Pathways

A 
Somatic Sensation
Pain Sensation
Special Senses
  - Vision
  - Hearing
  - Equilibrium
  - Taste
Visceral Sensation (unconscious)
46
Q

Somatic Sensation

A

the sensation of body surfaces, including skin, muscle and joint sensation.

47
Q

Somatic Sensation

A

the sensation of body surfaces, including skin, muscle and joint sensation.

48
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors

A

Skin Sensation
Muscle Sensation
Joint Sensation

49
Q

Somatic Sensory Processing:

A

Spinal cord and Brain

50
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors:

Tactile (touch) receptors

A

hair receptors: hair movement, rapidly adapting
Merkel’s disc; soft touch, slowly adapting
Pacinian corpuscle; vibration and deep pressure, rapidly adapting
Ruffini endings; deep pressure, slowly adapting
Meissner’s corpuscles; soft touch, tickle, rapidly adapting

51
Q
A
52
Q

more than a direct response to a stimulus.

A

Pain

53
Q

The sensation of pain is accompanied by

A

motivated behavioral responses and emotional reactions.

54
Q

The subjective perception of pain can be influenced by

A

other past or present experiences.

55
Q

Categories of Pain Receptors

A
  1. Mechanical nociceptors
  2. Thermal nociceptors
  3. Polymodal nociceptors
56
Q

Mechanical nociceptors

A

respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching

57
Q

Thermal nociceptors

A

respond to temperature extremes, especially heat

58
Q

Polymodal nociceptors

A

respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli, including irritating chemicals released from injured tissues.

59
Q
A

Physiology 214 (26 decks)

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