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Physiology 214 > Special senses- 3 > Flashcards

Special senses- 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Each ear consists of three parts:

A

The external ear
The middle ear
The inner ear

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2
Q

Hearing

A

neural perception of sound energy

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3
Q

neural perception of sound energy

A

the identification of the sounds and their localization.

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4
Q

traveling vibrations of air

A

Sound waves

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5
Q

Sound is characterized by its

A

pitch (tone), intensity (loudness), and timbre (quality)

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6
Q

The pitch, or tone, of a sound is determined by

A

the frequency of vibrations.

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7
Q

The greater the frequency of vibration

A

the higher the pitch

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8
Q

The intensity, or loudness, of a sound depends on the

A

amplitude of the sound waves

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9
Q

Within the hearing range, the greater the amplitude

A

the louder the sound

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10
Q

The timbre, or quality, of a sound depends on

A

its overtones

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11
Q

The specialized receptor cells for sound are located in

A

the fluid filled inner ear

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12
Q

The external ear consists of:

A 
The pinna (ear)
The external auditory meatus (ear canal) 
Tympanic membrane (eardrum).
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13
Q

vibrates when struck by sound waves

A

tympanic membrane

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14
Q

causes the eardrum to bow inward and outward in unison with the wave’s frequency,

A

A sound wave

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15
Q

For the membrane to be free to move as sound waves strike it

A

the resting air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane must be equal.

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16
Q

connects the middle ear to the pharynx

A

The eustachian (auditory) tube

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17
Q

The middle ear

A

transfers the vibrating movements of the tympanic membrane to the fluid of the inner ear.

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18
Q

This transfer of the vibrating movements is facilitated by

A

a movable chain of three small bones, or ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes).

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19
Q

the malleus

A

[The first bone]

- Is attached to the tympanic membrane

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20
Q

the stapes

A

[the last bone]
- attached to the oval window
–> the entrance into the fluid-filled cochlea.
Transmits the frequency of movement from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

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21
Q

The resulting pressure on the oval window with each vibration produces

A

wavelike movements in the inner ear fluid at the same frequency as the original sound waves.

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22
Q

The snail-shaped cochlea

A

[Inner ear]
the “hearing” portion of the inner ear, is a coiled tubular system lying deep within the temporal bone
The cochlea is divided throughout most of its length into three fluid-filled longitudinal compartments.

23
Q

the sense organ for hearing.

A

Organ of Corti

24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
Q

Pitch and Timbre discrimination

A
  • Depends on the shape and properties of
    the basilar membrane
  • Different regions of the basilar membrane
    naturally vibrate maximally at different
    frequencies
  • A sound wave of a particular frequency
    travels to the region of the basilar
    membrane that naturally responds
    maximally to that frequency
  • Each hair cell is “tuned” to an optimal
    sound frequency, determined by its
    location on the organ of Corti.
  • Overtones of varying frequencies cause
    many points along the basilar membrane to vibrate simultaneously but less intensely than the fundamental tone, enabling the CNS to distinguish the timbre of the sound (timbre discrimination).
27
Q

Intensity (loudness) discrimination

A
  • Depends on the amplitude of vibration.
  • As sound waves originating from louder
    sound sources strike the eardrum, they
    cause it to vibrate more vigorously but at
    the same frequency as a softer sound of the
    same pitch.
  • The greater tympanic membrane deflection
    translates into greater basilar membrane
    movement in the region of peak
    responsiveness, causing greater bending of
    the hairs in this region.
  • The CNS interprets this greater hair
    bending as a louder sound.
  • Thus, pitch discrimination depends on
    “where” the basilar membrane maximally
    vibrates and loudness discrimination
    depends on “how much” this place vibrates.
28
Q

Intensity (loudness) discrimination

A
  • Depends on the amplitude of vibration.
  • As sound waves originating from louder
    sound sources strike the eardrum, they
    cause it to vibrate more vigorously but at
    the same frequency as a softer sound of the
    same pitch.
  • The greater tympanic membrane deflection
    translates into greater basilar membrane
    movement in the region of peak
    responsiveness, causing greater bending of
    the hairs in this region.
  • The CNS interprets this greater hair
    bending as a louder sound.
  • Thus, pitch discrimination depends on
    “where” the basilar membrane maximally
    vibrates and loudness discrimination
    depends on “how much” this place vibrates.
29
Q

Loss of hearing, or deafness, may be

A

temporary or permanent,

partial or complete.

30
Q

Deafness is classified into two types

A
  1. Conductive deafness
  2. Sensorineural deafness

Depending on the part of the hearing mechanism that fails to function adequately.

31
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Occurs when sound waves are not adequately conducted through the external and middle portions of the ear.

32
Q

Possible causes of conductive deafness

A
  • Physical blockage of the ear canal with
    earwax
  • Rupture of the eardrum
  • Middle ear infections with accompanying
    fluid accumulation
  • Restriction of ossicular movement because
    of bony adhesions.
33
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear, but they are not translated into nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sound sensations.

34
Q

In Sensorineural Deafness, the defect can lie

A
  • In the organ of Corti,
  • In the auditory nerves
  • rarely, in the ascending auditory pathways
    or auditory cortex
35
Q

Hearing Aids

A
  • Are helpful in conductive deafness but are
    less beneficial for sensorineural deafness.
  • These devices increase the intensity of
    airborne sounds and may modify the sound
    spectrum and tailor it to the person’s
    particular pattern of hearing loss at higher
    or lower frequencies.
  • For the sound to be perceived the receptor
    cell–neural pathway system must still be
    intact
36
Q

Is the sense of body orientation and motion.

A

Equilibrium

37
Q

The vestibular apparatus consists of two sets of structures lying within a tunneled-out region of the temporal bone near the cochlea:

A

The semi-circular canals

The otolith organs.

38
Q

The vestibular apparatus

A

detects changes in position and motion of the head

39
Q

The semi-circular canals

A

detect rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration of the head, such as when turning the head, starting or stopping spinning, or somersaulting.

40
Q

The otolith organs

A

provide information about the position of the head relative to gravity and detect changes in the rate of linear motion

41
Q

Collects and transfers sound waves to middle ear

A

external ear

42
Q

Collects sound waves and channels them down the ear canal; contributes to sound localization

A

Pinna (ear)

43
Q

Tunnel from the exterior through to the temporal bone, to the tympanic membrane
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

A

External auditory meatus ( ear canal)

44
Q

House sensory system for hearing

A

Cochlea (inner ear

45
Q

Thin membrane at the entrance of the cochlea, separates the middle ear from the scala vestibule
Vibrates in unison with the movement of the stapes, to which it is attached; oval window movement sets cochlear perilymph in motion

A

Oval window

46
Q

Contains perilymph that is set in motion by oval window movement, driven by the oscillation of middle ear bones

A

Scala vestibuli

47
Q

Lower compartment of the cochlea

Contains perilymph that is continuous with the scala vestibuli

A

Scala tympani

48
Q

Contains endolymph, houses the basement membrane

A

Cochlear duct ( scala media)

49
Q

Forms floor of the cochlear duct

Vibrates in unison with perilymph movements; bears the organ of corti

A

Basil membrane

50
Q

Contains hair cells, the receptors for sound; inner hair cells undergo receptor potentials when their hairs are bent as a result of fluid movement in the cochlea

A

Organ of corti

51
Q

Stationary membrane that overhangs the organ of corti and contracts the surface hairs of the receptor hair cells

A

Tectorial membrane

52
Q

Thin membrane that separates the scala tympani from the middle ear.
Vibrates in unison with the perilymph to dissipate pressure in the cochlea; does not contribute to sound reception

A

ROund window

53
Q

Detects changes in head position away from vertical and horizontally directed linear acceleration and declaration

A

Utricle

54
Q

Detects changes in head position away from horizontal and vertically directed linear acceleration and declaration

A

Saccule

Physiology 214 (26 decks)

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