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Special Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

white part of the eyes

A

Sclera
fibrous and elastic tissue, outer layer of eye
allows for contrast of the eye to determine where a person is looking

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2
Q

describe the iris

A

smooth muscle structure which controls the diameter of the pupil via two muscles - the sphincter pupillae and the dilator pupillae

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3
Q

describe the cornea in transplantation

A

avascular and most common structure for use in transplant for this reason. (less likely to reject)

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4
Q

describe a papilloedema

A

brain bleed or tumour transmitted along optic nerve and bulges optic disc

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5
Q

describe keratoconus

A

thinning of the cornea resulting in a coning shape and can cause blurring and double vision

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6
Q

what is contained in the vitreous chamber of the eye

A

vitreous humour, a gel which occupies the space between the lens anteriorly and the retina posteriorly. Mianly contains phagocytes to remove cell debris, mainly water with no blood vessels

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7
Q

what is contained in the anterior and posterior chambers

A

aqueous humour produced from the ciliary bodies. Miantains pressure inside the eye, provides nutrients and protection

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8
Q

order of passge of optic signals

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
optic radiation
occipital lobe of brain

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9
Q

describe tear production

A

In laminal gland
functions: lubricate movement, remove debris

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10
Q

Why does your nose run when you cry

A

Nasolacrimal duct takes the tears from the laminal gland to the nasal cavity.

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11
Q

fucntions of paranasal sinuses

A

reduce weight of skull
helps circulation of mucous
contribute to resonance of sounds

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12
Q

what are the 7 extraocular muscles

A

levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique

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13
Q

role of superior rectus

A

elevatipn of eyeball

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14
Q

role of inferior rectus

A

depression of eyeball

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15
Q

role of medial rectus

A

adducts the eyeball

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16
Q

role of lateral rectus

A

abducts the eyeball

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17
Q

role of superior oblique

A

depression of eyeball, abduction and medial rotation

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18
Q

role of inferior oblique

A

elevation, abduction, and lateral rotation

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19
Q

role of levator palpebrae superioris

A

keeping the upper eyelid open

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20
Q

what is the largest part of the medial bone of the orbit

A

ethmoid bone

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21
Q

why is the nasal cavity the best place for incoming air to be warmed, humidified and filtered

A

rich superficial blood suply
mucous provides moisture
mucous and hairs trap particles

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22
Q

fucntion of conchae

A

AKA turbinates
found in nasal cavity

increase surface area of nasal cavity
increase chance of olfactory exposure

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23
Q

what is the sublingual gland

A

mucous secreting salivary gland at floor of tongue

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24
Q

what is the buccal surface

A

side of the mouth where the surface is towards the cheeks, lateral to the teeth

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25
what is the lingual surface
surface that faces the tongue as a surface of the teeth
26
describe the floor of the mouth
formed by the mylohyoid muscle and the overlying stratified squamous epithelium. It is a U shaped structure which the tongue sits in
27
fungiform papillae
mushroom like from 2/3rds of tongue
28
foliate paipillae
leaf like and verticle ridges on the side of the tongue
29
filiform pupillae
threadlike and serve as coating mechanism which creates a rough and abrasive texture which helps in chewing, speaking and cleaning the oral cavity
30
vallate papillae
only about a dozen contain minor salivary glands and some taste buds circle shaped and lie just in front of the terminal sulcus
31
foramen caecum
primitive tract where the thyroglossal duct and thyroid gland were during embyrological development
32
epiglottis
elastic cartilage which helps close over the trachea during swallowing
33
terminal sulcus
groove that divides first 2/3rds from back 1/3rd of tongue
34
chorda tympani
branch of facial nerve that carries taste fibres from the front 2/3rd of tongue and runs through the middle ear. It joins the lingual nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
35
function of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
carries sensory information from the front 2/3rds of the tongue an dother areas, including lower third of face. 
36
function of lingual nerve
carries axons from two cranial nerves (facial and mandibular divison of trigeminal) taste and general sensation from anterior 2/3
37
what forms the middle ear
petrous section of temporal bone tympanic membrane eardrum malleus, stapes and incus bones internal auditory meatus (where CN VII enters)
38
describe ear ossicles
transmit vibrations through middle bones malleus - attached to tympanic membrane (ear drum) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)
39
describe the tympanic cavity
lateral wall: tympanic membrane medial wall: vestibular/oval window, cochlear/round window
40
describe the vestibular window
the opening into the vestibule of the inner ear closed by base of stapes
41
describe the cochlear window
opening of the cochlear portion of inner ear
42
two components of the inner ear
cochlea semicircular canals
43
functions of the cochlea
sound amplification conversion from vibration to electrical signal signal transmitted via cochlear part of vestibulocohlear nerve (CN VIII)
44
function of the semicircular canals
balance vestibular part of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
45
function of eustachian tube
pressure equalisation connects ears to nasal pharynx in children this tube is much shorter and kids can get infections here
46
what is the range of human hearing
20 - 20,000 Hz
47
Why do we have two ears
Localisation of sound in horizontal plane Primarily inter-aural time difference Difference in loudness
48
Function of the pinna
Amplifies and filters incoming sounds. Directional-dependent filtering at certain frequencies
49
How doe sthe middle ear overcome impendance mismatch (the sound entering fluid of cochlea instead of bouncing off)
Tympanic membrane collects sound energy over a large area Converts vibration of air into vibration of bone Concentrate all energy onto small area Use the bone as a [iston to transfer energy into the fluid
50
Protective muscle of the middle ear
Stapedius reflex
51
Muscle of inner ear that holds tympanic membrane in place
Tensor tympani
52
Describe the eustachian tube
Connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Allows air to enter and leave the middle ear. Important to enable the tympanic membrane to vibrate
53
How do vibrations get into the cochlea
1. Oval window faces into vestibule 2. Vestibule contains sensory epithelia for saccule and utricle 3. Vestibule leads into scala vestibuli 4. Pressure waves travel along scala vestibuli then back through scala tympani 5. Waves terminate at the round window
54
Describe the organ of corti
Found in inner ear Organised rows of hairs Converts sound into electrical signals that the brain can interpret
55
Function of Stria vascularis
Regulates ionic and metabolic functions of scala media Produces endolymph (essential for sound transduction)
56
What fills the scala media and the scala vestibuli
SM - endolymph SV - perilymph
57
Depolarisation in the inner ear
Stereocilia pushed towards the tallest
58
Hyperpolarisation in the inner ear
Stereocilia pushed towards the shortest
59
Describe outer hair cells
They amplify vibration Motile Stimulated by movement of basilar membrane to change shape and stiffness. Feed energy back into Basilar Membrane Improves frequency selectivity
60
What happens with a loss of inner hair cells
No signal to the brain 100% hearing loss CONDUCTIVE hearing loss
61
What happens with a loss of outer hair cells
basilar vibration is insufficiently amplified 50dB loss in hearing loss of sound discrimination SENSORINEURAL hearing loss
62
Describe the process of sound
First order neurons in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea Travel in CN VIII through internal acoustic meatus to cerebello-pontine angle Synapse on cochlear nuclei (junction of medulla and pons) From there via Olive and Trapezoid body (pons) to Inferior colliculus (midbrain) Medial geniculate body (thalamus) Superior temporal gyrus (brain)
63
what 3 bone is the tongue suspended from
Styloid process, mandible, hyoid bone
64
describe the process of tatse
substance from food dissolves in saliva saliva enters taste pore gustatory receptor cell depolarises in response to substance G protein-coupled receptor nerve impulse travels along afferent nerve to brain
65
describe neurology of taste
Anterior 2/3rds of tongue - lingual nerve (trigeminal, CN V) - chorda tympani (facial, CN VII) Posterior 1/3 of tongue - glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
66
Process of tatse in the brain
Solitary tract nucleus of the medulla Thalamus Gustatory cortex
67
Function of middle and inferior turbinate
Warms and humidifies incoming air
68
Describe process of olfactory receptors
odorant molecules in the air dissolve in nasal mucus Detected by rhosposin-like detectors on dendrites of olfactory cells G protein coupled receptor Each olfactory cell only expresses one kind of receptor Olfactory receptor cells supported by sustentacular cells
69
filiform papillae
creates a rough surface for manipulation of food
70
circumvallate papillae
marks the boundary between the anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
71
where are the olfactory receptors located
Cribriform plate

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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