Special senses definitions

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

Rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli

Question 2

Reflex arc

Answer 2

Neural pathway that mediates reflexes

Question 3

Patellar reflex

Answer 3

Tap the patellar ligament sharply with the reflex hammer just below the knee between the patella and the tibial tuberosity.

Question 4

Simple reflex arc

Answer 4

Two-neuron, monosynaptic reflex arc. patellar/knee jerk reflex

Question 5

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Answer 5

Reflex arc involving participation of one or more interneurons in the reflex arc pathway. i.e. flexor reflex

Question 6

Stretch reflexes

Answer 6

Important postural reflexes, normally acting to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion. Initiated by tapping a tendon or ligament, which stretches the muscle to which the tendon is attached

Question 7

Crossed-extensor reflex

Answer 7

More complex than stretch reflex. Consists of a flexor, or withdrawal, reflex followed by extension of opposite limb.

Question 8

Pupillary light reflex

Answer 8

Shine a light in persons eye while covering opposite eye.

Question 9

Contralateral response

Answer 9

Consensual response, or any reflex observed on one side of the body when the other side has been stimulated

Question 10

Ipsilateral response

Answer 10

The pupillary light response, or any reflex occurring on the same side stimulated

Question 11

Ciliospinal reflex

Answer 11

Stroke hairs on neck lightly, watch pupils dilate

Question 12

Proprioceptors

Answer 12

Respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. Provide info about body movements and position by monitoring degree of stretch of those structures

Question 13

Exteroreceptors

Answer 13

cutaneous receptors in the skin and special senses. react to stimuli in external environment

Question 14

Interoceptors

Answer 14

respond to stimuli arising within the body. found in the internal visceral organs and include stretch receptors in walls of hollow organs, chemoreceptors, and others

Question 15

Tactile corpuscle (merkel disc)

Answer 15

touch, light pressure. found in dermal papillae of hairless skin

Question 16

free nerve endings

Answer 16

pain, temperature. found widespread in the skin

Question 17

bulbous corpuscle

Answer 17

deep continuous pressure and stretch stimuli. found in dermis

Question 18

hair follicle receptor

Answer 18

hair movement, light touch. found entwining hair follicles

Question 19

lamellar corpuscle

Answer 19

deep pressure. found deepest in dermis

Question 20

Two point discrimination test

Answer 20

Use calipers to test the ability to differentiate two distinct sensations when skin is touched simultaneously

Question 21

Tactile localization

Answer 21

Ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched. use marker to touch body with eyes closed and person marks with another pen.

Question 22

Adaptation of touch sensory receptors

Answer 22

Use pennies. stack one on top of the other each time person can’t feel them again.

Question 23

purpose of palpebrae

Answer 23

eyelids, protect eye

Question 24

purpose of lacrimal caruncle

Answer 24

produces a whitish oily secretion

Question 25

purpose of conjunctiva

Answer 25

secretes mucus to lubricate eyeball

Question 26

Action of lateral rectus

Answer 26

moves eye laterally

Question 27

action of medial rectus

Answer 27

moves eye medially

Question 28

action of superior rectus

Answer 28

elevates eye and turns it medially

Question 29

action of inferior rectus

Answer 29

depresses eye and turns it medially

Question 30

action of inferior oblique

Answer 30

elevates eye and turns it laterally

Question 31

action of superior oblique

Answer 31

depresses eye and turns it laterally

Question 32

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

Answer 32

Origins of muscles are outside the eye (in the orbit) and insertion is outside the sclera

Question 33

Blind spot

Answer 33

hold spot test away from eyes. close one eye and focus on X. move figure toward face until the dot disappears

Question 34

Refraction

Answer 34

When light rays pass from one medium to another, their velocity, or speed of transmission, changes, and the rays are bent.

Question 35

Accommodation

Answer 35

The ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of near vision (less than 6m or 20 ft)

Question 36

emmetropia

Answer 36

Normal vision (eye) that can accommodate properly

Question 37

Myopia

Answer 37

The image normally focuses in front of the retina (nearsightedness). can see close objects but difficulty with far.

Question 38

Correction for myopia?

Answer 38

Requires a concave lens which causes the light to diverge

Question 39

Hyperopia

Answer 39

The image focuses behind the retina (farsightedness). can see far but problems with close.

Question 40

Correction for hyperopia?

Answer 40

Requires convex lenses to augment converging power of lens

Question 41

Astigmatism

Answer 41

Irregularities in the curvatures of the lens and/or the cornea lead to blurred vision problem

Question 42

Correction for astigmatism?

Answer 42

cylindrically ground lenses, which compensate for inequalities in the curvatures of refracting surfaces.

Question 43

Presbyopia

Answer 43

Old vision, when the elasticity of the lens decreases resulting in difficulty in focusing for near or close vision.

Question 44

Purpose of weber test?

Answer 44

localization of sound

Question 45

Purpose of rinne test?

Answer 45

Air and bone conduction

Question 46

Olfaction

Answer 46

smell

Question 47

Gustation

Answer 47

taste

Question 48

Olfactory adaptation

Answer 48

the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound