Need to Know Exam 3 Flashcards

(260 cards)

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously changed and refreshed. AKA ventilation or breathing

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2
Q

External respiration

A

The gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs (oxygen loading/carbon dioxide unloading

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3
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

The transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body accomplished by the cardiovascular system, using blood as the transport vehicle

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells (Oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading)

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5
Q

Major role of respiratory system

A

To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Divided by the nasal septum. Is a large air filled space containing the inferior, superior, ad middle nasal conchae

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7
Q

Nasal septum

A

Divides the nasal cavity

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8
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Located in the superior nasal mucosa

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9
Q

Oral cavity

A

The mouth, separated from the nasal passages by the hard palate and soft palate

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. 3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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11
Q

Larynx

A

Hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box

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12
Q

2 phases of Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration and expiration

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

When air is taken into the lungs

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14
Q

Expiration

A

When air passes out of the lungs

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15
Q

What causes the size of the thoracic cavity to increase?

A

The inspiratory muscles (external intercostals and diaphragm) contract during inspiration.

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16
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500mL)

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17
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRC)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3100mL)

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18
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200mL)

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19
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (4800mL)

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20
Q

What occurs at the end of a normal inspiration?

A

Chest expanded, diaphragm depressed

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21
Q

What occurs at the end of a normal expiration?

A

Chest depressed, diaphragm elevated

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22
Q

What are the five major processes of digestion?

A

Ingestion, movement of food, mechanical and enzymatic digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible waste

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23
Q

Alimentary canal

A

GI tract, approximately 9 meters long in a cadaver but shorter in living person due to muscle tone. Consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

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24
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, salivary glands, bladder, liver, and pancreas

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25
What is the significance of the mesentery?
The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall. It contains veins and arteries that supply the small intestine.
26
What is the significance of the folding in the digestive system?
Folding in the digestive system, which includes villi and crypts, is to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.
27
What is the digestive function of the liver?
To produce bile, which emulsifies fat, breaking up large fat particles into smaller ones, which creates a larger surface area for more efficient lipase activity. Without bile, very little fat digestion or absorption occurs.
28
Why are lobules structural and functional units of the liver?
Each lobule is a hexagonal structure consisting of cordlike arrays of hepatocytes, which radiate outward from a central vein running upward in the longitudinal axis of the lobule.
29
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
To produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
30
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Secretion of many hydrolytic enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. The hydrolytic enzymes neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach, enabling the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to operate at their optimal pH, which is slightly alkaline
31
What is the function of the urinary system?
The removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body. In addition, the kidney maintains the electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balances of the body.
32
What is the typical urinary output (volume) in a 24 hour period?
1.0 to 1.8 liters
33
Why is urine yellow?
Due to urochrome, a pigment metabolite that arises from the body's destruction of hemoglobin and travels to the kidney as bilirubin or bile pigment
34
What does the color variation (shades of yellow) indicate of urine?
To indicate the relative concentration of solutes to water in urine. The greater the solute concentration, the deeper the color.
35
Describe the odor of urine
Slightly aromatic, but bacterial action gives it an ammonia-like odor. Drugs, vegetables (asparagus), and disease processes (diabetes mellitus) alter the characteristic odor of urine
36
What is the pH range of urine?
From 4.5 to 8.0 but average is 6.0, slightly acidic. Diet influences the pH. High protein diet makes urine more acidic, while vegetarian diet increases alkalinity of urine.
37
What is the specific gravity of urine?
The relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water. Ranges from 1.001 to 1.030. Dilute results from drinking excessive amounts of water, using diuretics or diabetes insipidus. High specific gravity results from limited fluid intake, fever, and kidney inflammation.
38
What are the major constituents of normal urine (in order of decreasing concentration)
Urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and sulfate ions; creatinine, and uric acid.
39
What are abnormal urinary constituents?
Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, red blood cells, hemoglobin, nitrites, bile pigments, and white blood cells
40
What causes the abnormal urinary constituent glucose?
Presence of glucose in urine indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels. Normal blood sugar levels are 80-100 mg/100 ml of blood. This results from carb intake so excessive that normal physiological and hormonal mechanisms cannot clear it from the blood quickly enough
41
What causes the abnormal urinary constituent protein?
Albumin is a blood protein that is not normally found in urine. The presence of albumin in urine is indicative of abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane, which normally cannot filter albumin due to its large size. This results from kidney trauma, ingestion of poisons, hypertension, bacterial toxins,
42
#1
Thyroid Cartilage
43
#2
Laryngeal prominence
44
#3
Cricothyroid Ligament
45
#4
Tracheal Cartilage
46
#1
Body of hyoid bone
47
#2
Epiglottis
48
#3
Tracheal cartilage
49
#4
Cricoid cartilage
50
#5
Thyroid cartilage
51
#6
Laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple)
52
#1
Epiglottis
53
#2
Body of Hyoid bone
54
#3
Corniculate cartilage
55
#4
Cricoid Cartilage
56
#5
Arytenoid Cartilage
57
#1
Trachea
58
#2
Secondary Bronchus (Lobar)
59
#3
Tertiary bronchus (segmental)
60
#4
Primary Bronchus (Main)
61
#1
Right Lung (3 lobes)
62
#2
Thyroid cartilage
63
#3
Cricoid cartilage
64
#4
Trachea
65
#5
Left Lung (two lobes)
66
#6
Diaphragm
67
#1
Frontal sinus
68
#2
Sphenoid sinus
69
#3
Nasopharynx
70
#4
Soft palate
71
#5
Pharyngeal tonsil
72
#6
Uvula
73
#7
Palatine tonsil
74
#8
Laryngopharynx
75
#9
Epiglottis
76
#10
Lingual tonsil
77
#11
Oropharynx
78
#12
Hard palate
79
#13
Nares
80
#14
Conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)
81
What is this?
Wright Spirometer
82
What does this measure?
This Wright spirometer measures respiratory volumes
83
#1
Stomach
84
#2
Small Intestine (ileum)
85
#3
Small intestine (jejunum)
86
#4
Large intestine (ascending colon)
87
#5
Gall Bladder
88
#6
Liver
89
#1
Parotid salivary gland
90
#2
Submandibular salivary gland
91
#1
Sublingual salivary gland
92
#2
Submandibular salivary gland
93
#1
Muscularis externa (Oblique)
94
#2
Muscularis externa (Circular)
95
#3
Muscularis externa (Longitudinal)
96
#4
Lesser curvature
97
#5
Esophagus
98
#6
Fundus
99
#7
Greater curvature
100
#1
Cardiac region
101
#2
Pylorus
102
#3
Pyloric sphincter
103
#4
Esophagus
104
#5
Fundus
105
#6
Body
106
#7
Rugae of mucosa
107
#1
Goblet cell
108
#2
Villus
109
#3
Lacteal
110
#4
Submucosa
111
#5
Intestinal Crypt
112
#6
Serosa
113
#7
Muscularis externa (Longitudinal muscle)
114
#8
Muscularis externa (circular muscle)
115
#9
Mucosa (muscularis mucosae)
116
#10
Blood capillaries
117
#11
Absorptive cells
118
#1
Muscularis externa (longitudinal muscle)
119
#2
Muscularis externa (Circular muscle)
120
#3
Mucosa (muscularis mucosae)
121
#4
Goblet cell
122
#5
Absorptive cells
123
#6
Lacteal
124
#7
Villus
125
#8
Blood capillaries
126
#9
Intestinal crypt
127
#10
Submucosa
128
#1
Right (hepatic) flexure
129
#2
Pancreas
130
#3
Transverse colon
131
#4
Left (splenic) flexure
132
#5
Haustrum (small pocketlike sacs)
133
#6
Decending colon
134
#7
Sigmoid colon
135
#8
Vermiform appendix
136
#9
Cecum
137
#10
Ileocecal valve
138
#11
Ascending colon
139
#12
Teniae Coli
140
#13
Mesentery
141
#1
Vermiform Appendix
142
#2
Decending colon
143
#3
Sigmoid colon
144
#4
Anal canal
145
#5
Rectum
146
#1
Bile duct
147
#2
Cystic duct
148
#3
Gallbladder
149
#4
Common Hepatic duct
150
#1
Ureter
151
#2
Renal vein
152
#3
Renal artery
153
#4
Renal pelvis
154
#5
Renal capsule
155
#6
Major Calyx
156
#7
Renal cortex
157
#8
Renal column
158
#9
Medullary (renal) pyramid
159
#10
Minor calyx
160
#11
Papilla of pyramid
161
#1
Lobar artery and vein
162
#2
Interlobar artery and vein
163
#3
Arcuate artery and vein
164
#4
Interlobular artery and vein
165
#5
Renal artery and vein
166
#6
Segmental artery and vein
167
#1
Arcuate artery and vein
168
#2
Efferent arteriole
169
#3
Afferent arteriole
170
#4
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + renal capsule)
171
#5
Distal convoluted tubule
172
#6
Proximal convoluted tubule
173
#7
Peritubular capillaries
174
#8
Interlobular arteries and veins
175
#9
Henle's loop descending limb
176
#10
Henle's loop ascending limb
177
#11
Vasa recta
178
#12
Collecting duct
179
#1
Gomerular (Bowman's) capsule
180
#2
Macula densa
181
#3
Distal convoluted tubule
182
#4
Afferent arteriole
183
#5
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
184
#6
Collecting tubule (duct)
185
#7
Proximal convoluted tubule
186
#8
Glomerulus
187
#1
Proximal convoluted tubule
188
#2
Glomerulus
189
#3
Afferent arteriole
190
#4
Efferent arteriole
191
#5
Glomerular capsule
192
#13
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)
193
#1
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
194
#26
Cricoid cartilage of larynx
195
#22
Epiglottis
196
#10
Esophagus
197
#15
External nares
198
#12
Frontal Sinus
199
#16
Hard Palate
200
#21
Hyoid bone
201
#9
Laryngopharynx
202
#21
Lingual tonsil
203
#17
Nasal Meatus (inferior, middle, and superior)
204
Area containing #4 and #5?
Nasopharynx
205
Area containing #7 and #8
Oropharynx
206
#7
Palatine tonsil
207
#18
Soft Palate
208
#2
Sphenoidal Sinus
209
#4
Pharyngeal tonsil
210
#5
Pharyngotympanic tube (opening)
211
#24
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
212
#19
Tongue
213
#11
Trachea
214
#6
Uvula
215
#23
Vestibular Fold (false vocal cord)
216
#25
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
217
#1
Body of hyoid bone
218
#2
Thyroid Cartilage
219
#3
Laryngeal Prominence (Adam's apple)
220
#4
Cricothyroid ligament
221
#5
Cricotracheal ligament
222
#6
Epiglottis
223
#7
Thyrohyoid membrane
224
#9
Corniculate cartilage
225
#10
Arytenoid cartilage
226
#11
Arytenoid muscle
227
#12
Cricoid Cartilage
228
#13
Tracheal cartilages
229
#17
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
230
#19
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
231
#1
Trachea
232
#2
Superior lobe of left lung
233
#3
Left main (primary) bronchus
234
#4
Lobar (secondary) bronchus
235
#5
Segmental (tertiary) bronchus
236
#6
Inferior lobe of left lung
237
#7
Superior lobe of right lung
238
#8
Middle lobe of right lung
239
#9
Inferior lobe of right lung
240
#14
Terminal Bronchiole
241
#12
Alveoli
242
#1
Alveoli (gass filled air spaces)
243
#5
Respiratory membrane made up of alveolar epithelium (13), fused basement membranes (14), and capillary endothelium (15)
244
#8
Capillary
245
#3
Parietal pleura
246
#4
Visceral pleura
247
What is this?
Dry spirometer
248
What is this?
Wet spirometer
249
What is occurring?
Inspiration: at the end of a normal inspiration, chest is expanded and diaphragm depressed
250
What is this?
Wet spirometer
251
What is occuring?
Expiration: at the end of a normal expiration, chest is depressed and diaphragm elevated
252
#1
Inspiratory reserve volume 3100 ml
253
#2
Tidal volume 500 ml
254
#3
Expiratory reserve volume 1200 ml
255
#4
Residual volume
256
#5
Inspiratory capacity 3600 ml Made up of inspiratory reserve vol and tidal volume
257
#6
Functional residual capacity 2400 ml Made up of expiratory reserve vol and residual vol
258
#7
Vital capacity 4800 ml Made up of inspiratory reserve vol, tidal vol, and expiratory reserve vol
259
#8
Total lung capacity 6000 ml Made up of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
260