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From Flashcardlet > Special Senses I: Vision > Flashcards

Special Senses I: Vision Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

What are the structures that detect light, color and movement?

A

Photoreceptors

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1
Q

The receptors for vision reside in the _____.

A

eye

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2
Q

What are the 6 accessory structures of the eye?

A
  1. Conjunctiva
  2. Eyebrows
  3. Eyelashes
  4. Eyelids
  5. Tarsal glands
  6. Lacrimal Apparatus
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3
Q

What are the three basic functions of the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  1. Provides superficial covering over the anterior exposed surface of the eye.
  2. Prevents foreign objects from coming in contact with the eye.
  3. Keep the surface of the eye moist, clean and lubricated.
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4
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

Lines the anterior eye and inside of the eyelid
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Lots of goblet cells
nerve endings and blood vessels

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5
Q

What is the function of the eyebrows?

A

Prevents sweat in the eye.

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6
Q

What is the function of the eyelashes?

A

Prevents debris in the eye.

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7
Q

What is the function of the eyelids?

A

Protect the eye; distribute lacrimal fluid

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8
Q

What is the function of tarsal glands?

A

Sebaceous glands that help keep the eyelids from sticking together.

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9
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Produces, collects and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of tears?

A
  1. Lubricate the eye
  2. Reduce friction
  3. Prevents bacterial infection
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11
Q

What are the six parts of the lacrimal apparatus? What are their functions?

A
  1. Lacrimal gland - superior and lateral to the eye
  2. Lacrimal caruncle - medial “corner” of the eye
  3. Lacrimal puncta (2) - small “holes” in the caruncle
  4. Lacrimal canaliculus - drains lacrimal fluid from the puncta to…
  5. Lacrimal sac - drains to…
  6. Nasolacrimal duct - receives tears from the lacrimal sac and drains the fluid into the nasal cavity
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12
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the six extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Origin in the posterior orbit and attach onto the anterior sclera of the eye

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13
Q

List the six extrinsic eye muscles, innervations and action.

A
  1. Medial rectus (CN III) pulls eye medially
  2. Lateral rectus (CN VI) pulls eye laterally
  3. Inferior rectus (CN III) pulls eye inferiorly
  4. Superior rectus (CN III) pulls eye superiorly
  5. Superior oblique (CN III) elevates and turns eye laterally
  6. Inferior oblique (CN IV) depresses and turns eye laterally
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14
Q

What are the three principal layers that form the wall of the eye?

A
  1. Fibrous tunic
  2. Vascular tunic
  3. Retina
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15
Q

The fibrous tunic is composed of what two regions?

A
  1. Cornea

2. Sclera

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16
Q

Describe the cornea.

A

Transparent, avascular, bends light, squamous epithelium, collagen fibers

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17
Q

Describe the sclera.

A

The “white of the eye”, collagen and elastic fibers, allows movement of the extrinsic muscles.

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18
Q

What are the three regions of the vascular tunic?

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
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19
Q

What is the largest portion of the vascular tunic, containing a vast network of capillaries which supply nutrients and oxygen to the retina?

A

Choroid

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20
Q

What is the ciliary body composed of?

A

Ciliary muscles and ciliary processes

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21
Q

What structure extends from the ciliary body and attach to the lens?

A

suspensory ligaments

22
Q

Ciliary muscles change the shape of the _______ to focus incoming light onto the retina.

A

lens

23
Q

The vascular tunic creates ___________.

A

aqueous humor

24
Q

What is the iris?

A

The pigmented part of the anterior eye.

25
Q

The pupil is a _____.

A

hole

26
Q

The diameter of the pupil is determined by which two muscles?

A
  1. Sphincter pupillae muscles

2. Dilator pupillae muscles

27
Q

What makes the pigment of the iris?

A

Melanin; more melanin = darker eyes

28
Q

Describe the retina.

A

The internal layer of the eye

29
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A
  1. Pigmented layer

2. Neural layer

30
Q

What is the function of the pigment layer?

A

Provides Vitamin A to photoreceptors and absorbs excess light.

31
Q

What is the function of the neural layer?

A

Houses photoreceptors (rods & cones).

32
Q

What are the functions of rods?

A

b/w, dim light, peripheral vision, low acuity

33
Q

What are the functions of cones?

A

color vision, RGB, bright light, precise visual acuity

34
Q

The neural layer is further divided into what 3 layers:

A
  1. Photoreceptor layer
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
35
Q

What type of cells are the bipolar and ganglion cells?

A

neurons

36
Q

The ganglion cell axons exit the retina to form the ________.

A

optic nerve

37
Q

What is the ora cerrata?

A

The anterior border of the retina.

38
Q

What is the blind spot of the retina where the ganglion cells exit the retina to the optic nerve?

A

The optic disc

39
Q

Does the optic disc have photoreceptors?

A

no

40
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

A pit within the macula lutea that contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods. It’s the area of greatest acuity.

41
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

The physical degeneration of the macula lutea of the retina and the leading cause of blindness in developed countries.

42
Q

The _____ focuses light on the retina.

A

lens

43
Q

What is the lens?

A

A transparent, deformable structure suspended behind the pupil by suspensory ligaments.

44
Q

Why is is the lens transparent?

A

Because the cells that make up the lens have no organelles.

45
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the ligaments are either relaxed or tense, it causes a change in the shape of the lens.

46
Q

What causes tension on the lens?

A

ciliary muscles

47
Q

What are the two major cavities of the eye?

A
  1. Anterior cavity

2. Posterior cavity

48
Q

What are the two chambers of the anterior cavity?

A
  1. Anterior chamber (between the iris and cornea)

2. Posterior chamber (between the lens and iris)

49
Q

The anterior cavity contains _______.

A

aqueous humor

50
Q

The posterior cavity contains ________.

A

vitreous humor

51
Q

What is the function of the posterior cavity?

A

To hold the retina in place

52
Q

Describe the steps of the visual pathway.

A

Photoreceptors > Bipolar Cells > Ganglion Cells > Optic Chiasm > Optic Tract > Thalamus > Occiptal Lobe

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