Species

Question 1

What is the Genus of Apes that preceded Homo

Answer 1

Australopithecines

Question 2

When did Australopithecines exist

Answer 2

5-6 mya to 2mya

Question 3

What marked the start of “human-ism”

Answer 3

Bipedality, Larger brains,

Question 4

What benefits came with bipedality

Answer 4

Starting 5mya, bidepality brought increased terrestrial movement and the ability to carry

Question 5

What benefits came with Larger brains

Answer 5

Larger brains brought a higher thinking capacity, started 2.5 mya

Question 6

A. Africanus

Answer 6

3.5-2mya. Debated whether it should be A. or homo

Question 7

A. Afarensis

Answer 7

bipedal, 3.9-2.9 mya, in direction of homo but still ape-like. Lucy is from this genus.

Question 8

H. Habilis

Answer 8

2.4-1.4 mya, early tool use, oldowan tools, around 600cc brain capacity

Question 9

What theory talks about gut development

Answer 9

Expensive Tissue Hypothesis-metabolic trade off where high-calorie diet of meat supports larger brain sizes at expense for smaller gut

Question 10

How did early hominids find food

Answer 10

Likely both ambush hunting and scavenging(evidence shown through olduvai and Koobi Fora)

Question 11

How did diet change in early hominins

Answer 11

Reliance on meat allowed for more flexibility in diet, this caused larger Brain sizes

Question 12

How did diet impact social bonds

Answer 12

Sharing meat and hunting game created better social bond between hominins,

Question 13

How did they live?

Answer 13

“Campsites” or “Base Camps” such as that of modern hunter gatherers

Question 14

How did lifestyle changes stimulate brain growth

Answer 14

The need for complex hunting in social groups is thought to have jump started cognitive evolution and started more complex social behaviors

Question 15

When did hominids diverge

Answer 15

thought to have diverged around 6 mya from chimps

Question 16

Molecular data on shift to human

Answer 16

Late Miocene (10-6mya), not any evidence to support this,

Question 17

Evidence to support divergence to human

Answer 17

Fossils date it to around 7-4.4 mya, but evidence records are all too broken to truly see

Question 18

Millenium Man

Answer 18

dated around 6 mya as a primate maybe hominin we don’t know

Question 19

Australopithecus anamensis

Answer 19

4.2-3.9 mya, evidence of bipedality and shorter canines but still very ape like

Question 20

A. Bahrelghazali

Answer 20

3.5-3mya thought to be w. African.

Question 21

Kenyanthropus Platypus

Answer 21

3.5 mya, flat face but maybe just fossil error. Helps prove non-linear bipedal progression

Question 22

A. Garhi

Answer 22

2.5mya. Large teeth but more human body. Found near tools-would be the first to use tools if they are theirs

Question 23

A. Robustus

Answer 23

lack of soft food turned their head and muscles very large. Died out due to diet change

Question 24

A. Boisei

Answer 24

1.3-1.8 mya. found my Mary leaky at FLK

Question 25

When was "humanity" launched

Answer 25

2mya with homo Erectus and the advent of social structures, technology, fire usage, and hunting)

Question 26

What was the out of Africa theory

Answer 26

Homo Erectus had a rapid launch from E. Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania) to all of Africa and then Eurasia 1mya.

Question 27

differences between out of Africa 1 and 2

Answer 27

1 was 2mya and did not possess acheulean tools, fire, or advanced hunting. 2 was 1mya and did use the before mentioned things.

Question 28

How did out of Africa happen

Answer 28

Pliocene era had dramatic climates which allowed for sea changes and glaciers. Hominids expanded to more temperate regions. Most likely expanded into Middle East then Asia (h. erects in Asia had slightly bigger skulls)

Question 29

h. Heidelbergensis

Answer 29

"archaic h. sapiens"-600-300kya, rounded skull larger brain. near modern, also a common ancestor to us, 1200-1300cc brain capacity, large game, wooden tools

Question 30

h. sapiens

Answer 30

first seen 300kya in Africa, AMH, Cultural advancements, sophisticated tools, complex social structures

Question 31

h. neanderthlensis

Answer 31

Europe. adapted to Europes colder climates(larger nasal passage short and muscular). Complex social patterns, clothes, jewelry, and burials. Mousterian/middle Paleolithic tools

Question 32

h. floresiensis

Answer 32

100-13kya, Little floresians, tiny brain and body, isolated Indonesian population

Question 33

Out of Africa II

Answer 33

H. sapiens left into Israel 92kya

Question 34

Dispersal out of Africa theory

Answer 34

Small group of AMH's left Africa and populated the rest of the world around 60-70kya

Question 35

Adaptations

Answer 35

Humans developed different adaptations such as skin pigment, lactose tolerance, body sizes

Question 36

Gene flow

Answer 36

proof of Neanderthal and Sapiens breeding

Question 37

H erectus

Answer 37

1.9mya-110kya, neandertal and sapiens common ancestor, longer legs shorter arms(fully terestrial)