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species, taxonomy and biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

number of different species and individuals of a given species in a community
-impacted by humans

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2
Q

what are species

A

organisms that can reproduce living fertile offspring

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3
Q

what is a courtship display

A
  • an adaption
    -focused on improving an organisms reproductive success
    -by increasing their likelihood of being selected by a mate
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4
Q

examples of courtship displays

A

-vocalisation
-displays of beauty
-displays of strength
-rituolised movement
-releasing of chemicals
-fighting

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5
Q

what do courtship displays involve

A

-increase reproductive success
-if they do they will be passed onto an offspring
-offspring more likely to display trait
-trait frequency increases.

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6
Q

How might courtship displays decrease the chance of reproductive success

A

-increase chance of predation
-more difficult to hunt if bright colours.
-increases competition
-requires lots of energy

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7
Q

what is classification

A

-the organisation of living organisms into groups
-by arranging groups of organisms into a hierarchy
-not done randomly
-but based on specific characteristics

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8
Q

what are the two types of classification

A

-phylogenetic classification
-artificial classification

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9
Q

Phylogentic Classification​

A

-proposed by Carl Linnaeus
-based on their ancestry/evolutionary relationship
-homologous characteristics
-same structure different function

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10
Q

Binomial system

A

-way species are named is universal
-different names are not used in different countries, which could lead to errors in estimates of the number of individuals of different species.
-The naming system used is the binomial system
-where individuals are named after their genus and species

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11
Q

what does phylogenic classification do

A

arranges species into groups according to their evolutionary origins and relationships

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12
Q

what does phylogeny tell us

A

whos related to whom and how closely related that they are
all organisms have evolved from shared common ancestors
-this is shown on a phylogenic tree

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13
Q

How is the accuracy of classification and phylogeny improving

A

-advances in immunology and genome sequencing
-The DNA base sequence of organisms for common genes can be compared as a measure of how closely related the species are, The higher the degree of similarity in the base sequences
-Distantly related organisms usually show fewer similarities
-this is because mutations can accumulate over time.

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14
Q

phylogenetic classification the use of the sequence of amino acids

A
  • the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of proteins can also be compared because this sequence is determined by DNA
    -the degree of similarity between the amino acid sequence of the same protein in 2 species will show how closely related that they are.
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15
Q

what is the common protein that is compared between species

A

-cytochrome C
-found in the mitochondria
-because most species have this protein

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16
Q

classification

A

classified according to their physical and biochemical similarities
classification systems are an example of a hierarchy

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17
Q

what is a hierarchy

A

when there are smaller groups arranged within larger groups
there is also no over lap between groups

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18
Q

main example of a classification hierarchy

A

Domain
kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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19
Q

classification hierarchy

A

-each level known as a taxon
-we need a system to be able to organize all the species

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20
Q

what is the reason for the classification hierarchy

A

-to aid us in understanding relationships between organisms whilst keeping track of any changes that may occur within individual species.

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21
Q

problems with phylogenetic classification

A

-classification is based on observable characteristics
-this is subjective and influenced by the environment
-modern technology improve accuracy
-this leads to the domains

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22
Q

Domains

A

-chemical analysis led to a ‘three domain system’
-developed by carl woese
-the highest taxonomic rank

Divides organisms into:
1. archea
2.bacteria
3.eukaryota

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23
Q

key features of Eurkarya

A

-membrane bound organelle such as mitochondria
-some pocess cell walls (made of cellulose)
-70 and 80 s ribosomes
-DNA is contained in the nucleus
-DNA is associated with proteins called histomes

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24
Q

what are the four systems that eurkarya is split into

A

-protoctista
-Fungi
-plantas
-animals

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25
key features of bacteria
-no membrane bound organelle -free floating DNA -single celled prokaryotes -unicellular (some cells may occur in chains or clusters) -70s ribosomes -cell wall made of murien -some may cause disease -important decomposers
26
archea key features
Single celled prokaryotes Similar shape and size to bacteria No murien cell wall DNA/genes and protein synthesis like eukaryotes No membrane bound organelle
27
A hierarchy
Groups within groups with no overlap
28
What is a phylogenic tree
Tree like diagram that shows phylogenetic relationships Including closest relatives And common ancestors
29
Different lines
Same potential genus
30
Negatives of the use of external features when constructing phylogenic classification
Does take into account the effect on the environment on the phenotype Doesn’t take into account DNA Subjective Fossils may be different but unable to detect due to fossil records being destroyed
31
positives of the use of external features when constructing phylogenic classification
- to see what animals look like to group them together -quick and cheap -observable to put together quickly.
32
how can we use modern technology in the case of Phylogenic classification
-immunology -amino acid sequencing -DNA bases
33
amino acid comparison
-differences in DNA = differences in Mrna (transcription) -Differences in Mrna= differences in amino acid ( translation) -if not generate
34
How do we use immunology and DNA hybridization modern techniques
1. DNA hybridization 2. biochemical analysis
35
what is DNA hybridisation
1. heat to separate strand of DNA 2. once heated the two strands of DNA is mixed this forms hybrid DNA 4. decrease temp do hydrogen bonds can reform if possible 3. The two separate DNA strands will join if they are the same, some might join if they are similar 4. They will not join if they are not similar or the same 5.Lots of hydrogen bonds will form. Gaps = no complementary base pairing Higher the percentage of hydrogen bonds formed= greater similarity in the genetic material
36
DNA hybridisation anaylsing results
-increase the temp -record the temp required to separate the two strands -higher temp=more hydrogen bonds = more similarities between two DNA strands.
37
Biochemical analysis
-the use of antibodies -produced by one species -to trigger a response in the blood of another species if antibody is not rejected- species bound to have same protein and same DNA -closer relatives will have similar antigens -more similar antigens = more antibody-antigen complexes formed -more precipitate is formed -closer the evolutionary relationship
38
Biochemical analysis process
-Human serum injected into rabbit -rabbit serum with anti human anitobodies ( we need the rabbit to produce anti-human antibodies) -rabbit serum is added to serum of other species -If complementary lots of the same antibodies will be produced as a precipitate -if less complementary there will be a smaller participate -so if complementary to human cells, will be similar to those in the sample, antibodies will be produced. in simple terms- the serum containing human blood proteins ( blood) is injected into a rabbit, the rabbit then produces a serum that contains antibodies against the human blood proteins therefore when added to other human species the amount of antibodies created will determine who humans share similar blood protein with, therefore similar DNA.
39
what is biodiversity
the range and variety of genes, species and habitats with a particular region
40
three regions of biodiversity
-genetic diversity -species diversity -ecosystem diversity
41
species diversity index
42
intraspecific
variation within a species
43
interspecific
variation between a species
44
humans decrease interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity via
-deforestation/agriculture ( remove habitats =extinction) -genetic engineering -selective breeding ( decrease in specific species) -hunting -building -land use ( destroy food sources, pollution, building) -quarrying (pollution- removal of species) -agriculture
45
effect of agriculture on biodiversity (inter and intra)
- monoculture- fewer species grown, drains land of certain nutrients -use of pesticides and fertilisers- kills species and causes water pollution -cattle on land= kill species, trampling and feeding -draining wetland and marshes- removes water and moisture -removing hedgegrows- removes habitat, food source and species
46
how do we measure biodiversity
-random sampling- quadrats -systematic sampling- transects -animals= mark, release, recapture
47
question states- estimating population size
random sampling- quadrats
48
what is a quadrat-
-square grid -used to estimate population size(abudance) -and or compare two areas. -frame quadtrat or point quadrat
49
5 marker response to quadrats
1. use a random number generator to gain random co-ordinates . place a tape measure down 2. drop the quadrat at these co-ordinates 3. count the number of named within the quadrat, repeat 30 times at the same co-ordinate 4. repeat 10 more times at different co-ordinates 5.estimate population size using mean number X area of the field
50
why must we sample randomly
-avoid sampling bias -ensures data obtained is valid -produce statistically significant results
51
semantic sampling
-studying in an ordered sampling frame -studies the distribution of a species -studies areas where there are: .gradual changes that occur across a habitat .transitions within communities occur .zonation is present
52
what are the two types of transects
line belt
53
line transect
organisms found at the regular sample points are recorded. string or rope record organisms which the line passes usually used alongside a quadrat
54
belt transect
strip created using two tape measures second tape measure is placed parallel to the first species between the two belts are recorded
55
how may a scientist decide between a line or a belt transect
-belt= more time consuming belt= more accurate results= more data = more information on dominance. belt= how many species ? range present? line =clear visual line = how many of each species
56
how would an ecologist use quadrats and transects to obtain data
always start on 0m move in intervals of 2 place down tape measure across the area decide on equal intervals along the tape measure and mark these, every 2m repet transect 5 more times at similar locations / same external factors measure total number of species at each marked interval across the tape measure calc mean distance at each distance record number of species present.
57
how do you sample mobile organisms
mark release recapture
58
what happens during mark release recapture
a specific number of animals are caught, marked and then released after some time a given number of animals are collected randomly the number of marked animals are counted we can use this to estimate the population
59
calc estimated pop for MRR
total no in 1st sample X total no in 2nd sample --------------------------------------------------------- number of marked individuals recaptured
60
assumptions involved in MRR
proportion of marked to unmarked in the second sample is the same as the proportion of marked to unmarked in the whole population - ensure representitive sample- results are not due to different size of sample marked individuals distributed evenly- results are valid so no sampling clusters the population has a definite boundary- study whole population markings are non toxic and not obvious- do not injure or reduce survival chances population is constant e.g breeding season new individuals would not be marked markings cannot be rubbed off during the investigation. population size in second sample is not reduced affects validity

Biology (11 decks)

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