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The Heart/circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

a closed, double circulatory system.
-closed means the blood remains within blood vessels.

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2
Q

what happens to the oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

-oxygenated blood from the lungs then goes back through the heart to be pumped out at a high pressure to the rest of the body.
- this is important to ensure that the blood reaches all the respiring cells in the body.

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3
Q

blood vessels

A
  • many blood vessels within the circulatory system
  • coronary arteries main blood vessels to know
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4
Q

what does the double circulatory system refer to

A
  • the fact that blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit.
    -there is one circuit which delivers blood to the lungs and another circuit which delivers blood to the rest of the body.
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5
Q

the coronary arteries and the following blood vessels are attached to which organs?

A

-Heart (vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein )
-lungs ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein)
-kidneys ( renal artery and renal vein)

these major blood vessels are connected within the CS via the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

Look at diagram in notes.

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6
Q

The tips to remembering the terms

A

-term pulmonary refers to lungs
-term renal refers to kidneys
-Arteries carry blood Away *(a for away) from the heart into the arterioles
-the veins carry blood back into the heart ( veIN carry blood IN|)

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7
Q

the capillaries

diagram in notes.

A

-arterioles are smaller than arteries and connect to the capillaries.
-the capillaries connect the arterioles to the venules and then to the veins.

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8
Q

arteries and veins

muscle wall

A

-arteries have a thicker muscle layer
-so that constriction and dilation can occur
-to control the volume of blood

veins have a relatively thin muscle layer so cant control the flow of blood.

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9
Q

arteries and veins

elastic layer

diagram in notes

A

arteris have a thicker elastic layer
-help maintain blood pressure
-the walls can stretch and recoil in response to the heart beat

veins have a relatively thin elastic layer
- as pressure is much lower

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10
Q

arteries and veins

wall

diagram in notes

A

-arteries have a thicker wall
-help prevent vessels from bursting due to high pressure

-the thinness of the walls in the veins means the vessels are easily flattened.
-which helps the flow of blood up to the heart.
- veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood by ensuring the blood only flows down pressure gradients to ensure blood returns to the heart.

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11
Q

capillaries
diagrams in notes

A

-capillaries form capillary beds at exchange surfaces
capillary beds are many branched capillaries
-these all have a narrow diameter to slow blood flow

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12
Q

capillaries

red blood cell

diagram in notes

A

-red blood cells can only just fit through and are squashed against the walls
-this maximises diffusion by shortening the diffusion pathway

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13
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

-hemoglobin’s are a group of proteins found in different organisms.
-hemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure
-hemoglobin and red blood cells transport oxygen

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14
Q

hemoglobin in unloading and loading of oxygen

A

-variations in loading, transport and unloading of oxygen is based on the conditions and the particular form of hemoglobin. This can be presented on an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

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15
Q

the affinity of the haemoglobin for oxygen

A

the ability of haemoglobin to attract or bind to oxygen.

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16
Q

saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

A

the ability of haemoglobin to attract or bind to oxygen

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17
Q

loading/ association of haemoglobin

A

the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin

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18
Q

unloading/ dissociation of haemoglobin

A

when the oxygen detaches or unbinds from haemoglobin.

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19
Q

oxyhemoglobin curve

A

oxygen is loaded in regions with a high partial pressure of oxygen e.g respiring tissues
this is shown on the oxyhaemoglobin curve

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20
Q

co-operative binding

A

affinity haemoglobin has for oxygen changes depending on how many oxygen molecules are already associated
-haemoglobin can associate with, or load four oxygen molecules and as each molecule binds the shape of the haemoglobin changes making the binding of further oxygen molecules easier.

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21
Q

what does high partial pressure of oxygen mean

A

high concentration

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22
Q

what happens in areas of high partial pressure of oxygen on a dissociation curve

A

the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is high and it loads more oxygen
- in humans, the alevoli have a high partial pressure of oxygen
-haemoglobin will readily load with oxygen here.

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23
Q

whats the bohr effect?

A

when a high carbon dioxide concentration causes the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right
the affinity for oxygen decreases because the acidic carbon dioxide changes the shape of haemoglobin slightly

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24
Q

bohr effect graph notes

A

-when co2 dissolves in liquid carbonic acid forms
-this decrease in pH changes the shape of haemoglobin slightly, which is why the affinity for oxygen decreasing in respiring tissues.

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25
why is the bohr effect advantageous
the haemoglobin delivers the oxygen to the site of respiring cells so that aerobic respiration can continue
26
different haemoglobins myoglobin
-adapted to environment by possessing different types of haemoglobin with different oxygen transport properties. - animals such as lugworms, whales and human foetuses have myoglobin -myoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen, even at very los partial pressures therefore it can act as an oxygen store, holding onto oxygen and not dissociating until nearly all the oxygen has been used up in cells
27
different haemoglobins high altitude animals
e.g llamas the atmospheric pressure is low and so there is a lower partial pressure of oxygen llamas have a type of haemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen meaning despite the low partial pressure of oxygen it is still loaded onto haemoglobin
28
animals with faster metabolisms
fast moving rodents or birds need more oxygen for respiration to provide energy for contracting muscles.
29
arteries muscle layer
thicker than veins so that constriction and dilation can occur to control volume of blood
30
arteries elastic layer
thicker than veins to help maintain blood pressure the walls can stretch and recoil in response to the heart beat
31
arteries wall thickness
thicker wall than veins to help prevent the vessels bursting due to the high pressure
32
arteries valves
no
33
arterioles muscle layer
thicker than in arteries to help restrict blood flow into the capillaries
34
arterioles elastic layer
thinner than in arteries as the pressure is lower
35
arterioles wall thickness
thinner than arteries as pressure is slightly lower
36
arterioles valves
no
37
veins muscle layer
relatively thin so it cannot control blood flow
38
veins elastic layer
relatively thin as the pressure is much lower
39
veins wall thickness
thin as the pressure is much lower so there is a low risk of bursting the thinness means the vessels are easily flattened which helps the flow of blood up to the heart
40
veins valves
yes
41
capillaries muscle layer
no muscle layer
42
capillaries elastic layer
no elastic layer
43
capillaries wall thickness
one cell thick consisting of only a lining layer -this provides a short diffusion distance for exchanging materials between the blood and the cell
44
capillaries valves
no
45
tissue fluid
the liquid which surrounds cells -contains water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions and oxygen
46
whats the purpose of tissue fluid
to enable the delivery of useful molecules to cells and to move waste into the blood stream so it can be removed from the body.
47
tissue fluid formation
capillaries have small gaps in the walls so that liquid and small molecules can be forced out as blood enters the capillaries from arterioles , the smaller diameter results in a high hydrostatic pressure so all the substances/ molecules are forced out, this is known as ultrafiltration red blood cells, large proteins and platelets are to big to fit through the tiny gaps so they remain within the capillary
48
the process
-theres the capillary containing blood -high pressure blood flowing into the capillary -water, cells, oxygen, glucose etc pass through capillary wall -into tissue fluid -water re enters capillary via osmosis -therefore low pressure blood flowing into veins from capillary
49
lymph
not all the liquid will be reabsorbed by osmosis, as equilibrium will be reached the rest of the tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic system and eventually drains back into the bloodstream near the heart this liquid that is transferred to the lymphatic system is called lymph
49
reabsorption into the blood
-large molecules remain in the capillaries and therefore create a lowered water potential toward the venule end of the capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure is lowered due to the loss of liquid, but the water potential is very low due to the proteins that remained within the capillary. Therefore water is reabsorbed back into the capillaries by osmosis at the venule end
50
cardiac muscle
the walls of the heart have a thick muscular layer this layer has unique properties
51
cardiac muscles unique properties
-myogenic - meaning it can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation -never fatigues, as long as it has an adequate supply of oxygen
52
coronary arteries
these are the blood vessels that supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood.They branch off from the aorta
53
what happens if coronary arteries become blocked
cardiac muscle wont receive oxygen therefore the cells will not be able to respire and the cells will die this results in myocardinal infarction ( a heart attack)
54
the left ventricle
pumps the blood to the rest of the body this needs to be at a higher pressure to ensure blood reaches all the cells in the body therefore the left ventricle has a much thicker muscular wall in comparison to the right ventricle to enable larger contractions of the muscle to create higher pressure
55
four major blood vessels
-aorta -pulmonary artery -vena cava -pulmonary vein all connected to the heart two of the blood vessels are arteries and two are veins
56
major blood vessels the two veins
vena cava- means body vein carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium pulmonary vein- pulmonary refers to the lungs carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium
57
major blood vessels the two arteries
pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated aorta- carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
58
four valves inside the heart
these valves prevent backflow -semilunar valve -atrioventricular valve bicupsid valve tricupsid valve
59
semi-lunar valve
located between atria and ventricles
60
atrioventricular valve
located between atria and ventricles
61
bicuspsid valve
The av valve on the left side of the heart
62
tricuspid valve
The av valve on the right side of the heart
63
opening and closing valves pressure
-valves will only open if the pressure is higher behind them, compared to the front -if the pressure is higher infront then the valve remains closed
64
atrioventricular valves open when...
the pressure is higher in the atria compared to the ventricles. They close when the pressure is higher in the ventricles compared to the atria.
65
semi-lunar valves open when...
the pressure is higher in the ventricle compared to the arteries. They close when the pressure is higher in the arteries compared to the ventricles.
66
the septum
-the muscle that runs down the middle of the heart -separating the left and right sides -therefore separates the deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood
67
why is the septum important
it maintains a high conc of oxygen in the oxygenated blood this maintains the conc gradient to enable diffusion at respiring cells
68
cardiac maths skill
the vol of the blood which leaves one ventricle in one minute is the cardiac output it can be calculated using this formula: cardiac output=heart rate X stroke volume heart rate= beats of the heart per minute stroke vol= vol of blood that leaves the heart each beat dm3
69
the cardiac cycle
three stages diastole atrial systole ventricular systole
70
diastole
atria and ventricular muscles are relaxed -this is when the blood will enter the atria via the vena cava and pulmonary vein -the blood flowing into the atria increases the pressure within the atria
71
artrial systole
-atria muscle walls contract -increasing the pressure further -this causes the atrioventricular valves to open and blood flow into the ventricles -the ventricular muscle walls are now relaxed (ventricular diastole)
72
ventricular systole
-ventricular muscle walls contract, increasing the pressure beyond that of the atria -this causes the atrioventricular valves to close and the semi-lunar valves to open. The blood is pushed out of the ventricles into the arteries

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