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Specific immune system Flashcards

(27 cards)

1
Q

What is antibodies?

A
  • They are Y-shapeglycoproteins called immunoglobulins
  • they bind to a specific antigen on the pathgen or toxin that has triggered the immune response
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2
Q

Describe the structure of antibodies

A
  • Antigen-binding sites: complementary to a particular antigen on the pathogen
  • Two light chain
  • Two heavy chain
  • Variable region: different on different antibodies due to different sequence of amino acid
  • Constant region: same in all antibodies
  • Disulfide bridges: strong bonds holding the antibodies in shape
  • Hinge region: provide flexibility, allowing it to bind two seperate antigens, one at each of its antigen-binding sites
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3
Q

How antibodies defend the body

A
  • The antibody of the antigen-antibody complex acts as an opsonin so the complex is easily engulfed and digested by phagocytes
  • Agglutination: Pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexs to clump together so phagocytes can engulf a number of pathogens at the same time
  • Anti-toxins: They bind to toxins produced by pathogens and neutralise the toxin
  • Most pathogens can no longer bind to the host cell as the antigens are blocked by the antibodies
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4
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes in human body?

A

B lymphocytes (bone marrow)
T lymphocytes (thymus gland)

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5
Q

What is opsonin

A
  • proteins that attach to the outside of cells or pathogens to tell phagocytes to swallow and destroy them.
  • Acts as ‘tags’ on pathogens
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6
Q

What are the 4 T lymphocytes

A

T helper
T killer
T memory
T suppressor/ regulator

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7
Q

What does T killer do

A
  • They destroy the pathogens by producing perforin
  • This kills the pathogen by making holes in the cell membrance so it is freely permeable
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8
Q

What does T helper do

A
  • They produce interleukins, which are a type of cytokine
  • They stimulates B lymphocytes, which increases antibodies production
  • They stimulates production of other types of T lymphocytes and attracta and stimulates macrophage to ingest pathogens with antigen-antibodies complex
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9
Q

What does T memory do

A
  • Produce immunological memory
  • If they meet an antigen a second time, they divide rapidly to form a huge number of clones of T killer that destroy the pathogen
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10
Q

What does T suppressor/ regulator do

A

They suppress immune system once the pathogen is eliminated
They ensure the body regconises self antigens and does not set up an autoimmune response
Interleukins are important in this control

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11
Q

What is cytokine

A
  • Cell-signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissue.
  • They attract white blood cells to the site of damage
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12
Q

What are the three types of B lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cell
B effector
B memory

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13
Q

What does plasma cell do?

A

They produce antibodies to a particular antigen and release them into the circulation

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14
Q

What does B effector do

A

They divide to form the plasma cell clones

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15
Q

What does B memory do

A
  • Provide immunological memory
  • remember a specific antigen and enable the body to make a very rapid response when a pathogen carrying that antigen is encountered again
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16
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • T lymphocytes respond to the cells of an organism that have been changed in some way
  • E.g. by a virus infection
  • This is particularly important against virus and early cancers.
17
Q

What is the processes of cell-mediated immunity?

A
    • Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens in phagocytosis.
    • They process the antigens from the suface of the pathogen to form antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
    • The receptors on some of the T helper cells fit the antigens.
    • These T helper cells become activated and produce interleukins, which stimulates more T lymphocytes to divide rapidly by mitosis.
    • They form clones of identical activated T helper cells that all carry the right antigen to binds to a particular pathgen
    • The cloned T lymphocytes may:
    • develop into T memory cells, which gives a rapid response if this pathogen invades the body again
    • Produce interleukins that stimulate phagocytosis
    • Produce interleukins that stimulate B lymphocytes to divide
    • Stimulate the developmetn of a clone of T killer that are specific for the presented antigen and then destroy infected cells
18
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

The body response to antigens found outside the cells, then produces antibodies that are soluble in the blood and tissue fluid and are not attached to cells

19
Q

What is the process of humoral immunity?

A
  1. Activated T helper bind to the B cell APC.
    This is clonal selection - the point at which the B cell with the correct antibody to overcome a particular antigen is selected for cloning
  2. Interleukins produced by the activated T helper activate the B cells
  3. The activated B cell divides by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and B memory cells. This is clonal expansion
  4. Cloned plasma cells produce complementary antibodies to the antigen, act as opsonins or agglutination. This is primary immune response
  5. Some cloned B cells develop into B memory. The B memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cell clones. This is the secondary immune response
20
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

When the immune system stops regconising ‘self’ cells and starts to attack healthy body tissue

21
Q

What are three types of autoimmune disease?

A
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Lupus
22
Q

What body part is affected by type 1 diabetes?

A

The insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas

23
Q

What body part is affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joints - especially in the hands, wrists, ankles and feet

24
Q

What body part is affected by Lupus?

A
  • Often affects skin and joints and causes fatigue
  • can attack any organ in the body including kidneys, liver, lungs or brain
25
What are the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
* Insulin injections * Pancreas transplant * Immunosuppressant drugs
26
What are the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
* No cure * anti-inflammatory drugs * steriods * immunosuppressants * pain relief
27
What are the treatment for Lupus?
* No cure * Anti-inflammatory drugs * steriods * immunosuppressants * various others