Speech and Language

Question 1

Define Speech

Answer 1

Method of VERBAL LANGUAGE communication involving the PRODUCTION and ARTICULATION of WORDS

Question 2

What are the four neuromuscular coordination processes required for speech?

Answer 2

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
Resonation

Question 3

Breathing that provides power necessary for speech is known as

Answer 3

RESPIRATION

Question 4

Production of sound by muscle contraction is known as

Answer 4

PHONATION

Question 5

Formation of Recognizable speech by mouth is known as

Answer 5

ARTICULTION

Question 6

Sound quality shaped by throat is known as

Answer 6

RESONATION

Question 7

Normal Speech consists of wht 5 features

Answer 7

1. Production of sounds of speech
2. combination of sounds
3. Voice Quality
4. Voice Intonation
5. Rate

Question 8

The sounds of language are called

Answer 8

Phonemes

Question 9

Phonemes vary in different languages, describe the American English Phoneme.

Answer 9

20 consonant sounds

20 vowel sounds

Question 10

Hoe does one produce consonants?

Answer 10

By closing the vocal tube at one of several places

English ex: Mouth-/b/ /p/ /m/, Tongue against palate /g/ /k/

Question 11

How does one add emphasis or indicate a question or command in speech?

Answer 11

By adding intonation to syllables or sentences

Question 12

How can one change a phoneme?

Answer 12

By altering breathing rate, force, and tone of muscles or articulatory elements

Question 13

What is the vocal tract made up of?

Answer 13

It is a tube with 2 flexible flaps just above the lungs and its diaphragm muscles. Together they create air pressure when we breathe out.

Question 14

What is language?

Answer 14

Rule based symptom of symbolic communication involving small units that come together to form larger forms. This can be done via speech or writing.

Question 15

What are the 5 dimensions of language?

Answer 15

Phronology
Morphology
Syntax 
Semantics
Pragmatics

Question 16

Rules determining how sounds can be sequenced is known as

Answer 16

Phronology

Question 17

Rules for the meaning of sounds is known as

Answer 17

Morphology

Question 18

Rules for a language’s grammar is known as

Answer 18

syntax

Question 19

Rules for the meaning of words is known as

Answer 19

Semantics

Question 20

Rules for communication (prosodyl, gestures, intonation) is known as

Answer 20

Pragmatics

Question 21

Define communication

Answer 21

1. process used to exhange information with others
2. includes the ability to produce and comprehend messages of all types (needs, feelings, desires, perception, ideas, and knowledge)

Question 22

Name 2 modalities of communication and what they refre to

Answer 22

1. Linguistic- language based
2. Nonlinguistic- gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical distance

*90% + nfo is communicated non verbally

Question 23

Melody of language is known as

Answer 23

Prosody

Question 24

What language process conveys emotion?

Answer 24

Prosody - when the pitch changes

Question 25

A patient repeating tan tan indicates what type of brakdown due to a pathology in the frontal operculum or pars triangularis.

Answer 25

Motor Break down Frontal operculum and pars triangularis is also known as Broca's area

Question 26

What are the functions of the 2 main areas in Broca's area?

Answer 26

Area 44: Posterior inferior frontal gyrus involved in phonological prcessing faciliatated by its location near face representations in the cortical motor areas Area 45: anterior inferior frontal gyrus Involved in semantics and verbal memory (selecting and manipulating semantic elements)

Question 27

How is auditory information processed in Wernicke's area?

Answer 27

the structure of the signal is associated with the representation of a word stored in your memory to help you retrieve the meaning of the particular word

Question 28

What is the Brodmann classification for supramarginal and angular gyri?

Answer 28

40 and 39 respectively (of inferior parietal lobule)

Question 29

The angular and cingulate gyri are imporant for what language process?

Answer 29

semantic processing

Question 30

What language process is the supramarginal gyrus associated with?

Answer 30

phonological and artiulatory processing of words

Question 31

What does it mean for Area 39 and 40 to be multimodal?

Answer 31

They receive auditory, visual, and somatosesory inputs, enabling their neurons to process the phonological and semantic aspects of language to identify and categorize objects

Question 32

Experiment has shown that different word categories cause a shift of activity where in the brain?

Answer 32

Different regions of the temporal lobe

Question 33

What are homonyms

Answer 33

words with same pronunciation but different spillings

Question 34

What portions of brain are activated by homonyms?

Answer 34

left hemisphere posterior central sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus

Question 35

What portions of the brain are activated by synonyms?

Answer 35

broad regions in the inferior temporal and frontal lobes

Question 36

What are the risk factors for reducing 1.Broca's area volume? Brocas area activation?

Answer 36

1. Increased # years drinking 2. Decreased SES* *Fractional Ansiostropy (conductivity in white matter increases/ synaptic strength increases) increases with intensive intervention -

Question 37

Where did the vocal apparatus likely evolve from?

Answer 37

Limbic-related, non-cortical areas

Question 38

Describe 4 speech sound disorders

Answer 38

Substitutions Omissions Distortions Additions

Question 39

Give 2 examples of fluency disorders

Answer 39

Stuttering and cluttering

Question 40

Describe the voice characteristics of a phonation disorder?

Answer 40

Breathy, horse, husky or strained

Question 41

Describe resonance disorders

Answer 41

Hyper-or Hypo-nasality

Question 42

What are the two voice disorders

Answer 42

Phonation Disorder and Resonance disorders

Question 43

What are the two language impairments/

Answer 43

Expressive language impairment | Receptive Language Impairment

Question 44

Define Anarthria

Answer 44

malfunction that controsls the motor aspects of speech preventing articulation

Question 45

Describe Alexia

Answer 45

damage to the inferior part of the left occipital and temporal lobes causing an individual to not be able to read- though he or she can still write

Question 46

Name 7 common causes of communication disorders (and examples)

Answer 46

``` Environment (SES, Malnutrition) Neurodegeneration (Parkinson's, alcoholism) Genetic (VFCS) Idiopathic (Autism) Trauma Tumor/Infection Vascular disturbance ```

Question 47

Right hemisphere damage causes 2 types of disorders. What are they

Answer 47

Communicaiton deficits that involve the interpretation of context: 1) Indirect Context Disorders 2) Direct Context Disorders

Question 48

Define Indirect context Disorders and give 2 examples

Answer 48

difficulties interacting with your environment - Hemineglect: inattention to stimuli on the left side of the body - Anosognosia- unawareness of deficits

Question 49

Define Direct context Disorders and give 2 examples

Answer 49

Pragmatic Communication Disorders affect communication and cognition directly - Prosody (Aprosodia) - Discourse Organization - Comprehension of non-literal language