Speech and language

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

A code to translate thoughts into output and input into thoughts. It allows communication with ourselves and others.

Question 2

How doe we communicate with ourselves?

Answer 2

Self communication, reflection, understanding, explaining and making decisions

Question 3

What is important when communicating with others?

Answer 3

It needs to be perceived so communication must be effective.

Question 4

What is effective communication?

Answer 4

When perception matches what it was supposed to mean. Literal meaning + intention to mean + perception = effect on individual

Question 5

What is acquired alongside language?

Answer 5

New ways of thinking to allow thoughts to become more sophisticated

Question 6

What is written language?

Answer 6

Discrete words separated by spaces usually complete and spelt correctly. Provides opportunity to skip, skim and re-read

Question 7

What is spoken language?

Answer 7

Continuous sequence of sounds. Often damaged, interrupted and mumbled

Question 8

What is a phonetic?

Answer 8

How speech sounds are produced and the acoustic result of speech articulation.

Question 9

What is phonology?

Answer 9

How sounds are used to make words and the functions of the sounds within a particular language.

Question 10

Which type of language use expressive/exgressive articulation?

Answer 10

Air coming out - English / European

Question 11

How are vowels pronounced?

Answer 11

Vibrate the vocal cords with a clear vocal tract and no occlusion. Uses slower extrinsic muscles.

Question 12

How are consonants pronounced?

Answer 12

Requires some occlusion of the vocal tract.

Question 13

Out of vowels and consonants, which are affected most by conditions?

Answer 13

Consonants

Question 14

What is a syllable?

Answer 14

The basic unit of articulation formed by clusters of vowels and consonants.

Question 15

What are the three types of consonants and how are they produced?

Answer 15

• Plosives/stops = Completely occlude to hold the airstream which them explodes out. Bilabials (pbm) uses lips, Alveolars (tdn) use alveolar ridge behind teeth and Velars (kg) produceed from back of throat
• Fricatives = Partially occlude with voiced or voiceless
• Affricatives = A type of fricative that partially occludes airstream

Question 16

Which consonants are affected most by a palatal problem?

Answer 16

Bilabials - all sounds become nasalised

Question 17

Which consonants are affected most by a larynx issue?

Answer 17

Fricatives - can’t voice the sounds

Question 18

When does language development begin?

Answer 18

Discrimination of language components in infancy.
Production of first words and sentences by 2 years.
Sophisticated language with humour, sarcasm, metaphors by 3 years.
Can understand more than can be spoken as a child.
Development continues into adulthood

Question 19

What is the critical period for language development?

Answer 19

Before 8 years old. After this it becomes more difficult to learn a new language. It determines language recovery after an injury.
By 8yrs nearly all consonants and vowels can be produced and it follows a typical predictable pattern of development

Question 20

When are speak disorders usually detected?

Answer 20

When they start speaking

Question 21

What is the problem that leads to difficulty with articulation?

Answer 21

Problem with formation of sound e.g. palate problem

Question 22

What is apraxia of speech?

Answer 22

Problem with language and cognition affecting receptive or expressive (understanding and explaining).

Question 23

What can cause voice disorders?

Answer 23

Airstream problems e.g. COPD

Usually causes hypernasality or hoarse voice if tumour or nodule on cords

Question 24

What results from a fluency disorder?

Answer 24

Stama or stutter. Usually an emotional or cognitive issue

Question 25

What is and causes aphasia?

Answer 25

Disturbance in language formation and comprehension caused by localised dysfunction e.g. trauma, lesion, stroke, degenerative

Question 26

What is the speech chain?

Answer 26

Linguistics of speaker/cognition ---> Physiological articulation using muscles ---> Acoustic reception ---> Detection by ear ---> Cognition of listener. Something can go wrong at each stage of the chain.

Question 27

What is dialect, sociolect and idolect?

Answer 27

``` Dialect = where you come from regionally Sociolect = how language is used socially Idiolect = Individual use of language ```

Question 28

What is a pragmatic disorder?

Answer 28

Difficulty understanding context of what they say and the impact it has on others e.g. autism

Question 29

What are the 5 components of language formation?

Answer 29

Phonolgy - Use of sounds to make meaningful words Morphology - Structure of words Syntax - Rules for forming a series of words Semantics - Word and sentence meanings Pragmatics - Social use

Question 30

What is grammar?

Answer 30

Syntax and semantics

Question 31

What is pitch, intensity and timing?

Answer 31

``` Pitch = Frequency of vibration of cords Intensity = how loud Timing = Stress or syllable timed ```

Question 32

What type of non-acoustic signals are there?

Answer 32

Facial expression, body language, gesture and touch Lip reading provides information about articulation for hearing impairments. Paralinguistic formation uses non-acoustic signals along with stress and emphasis.

Question 33

Which hemisphere is dominant for language?

Answer 33

Left hemisphere for right handed individuals and % of left handed individuals.

Question 34

What is the advantage of left handed?

Answer 34

Recover language functions faster after an injury and are less susceptible to mental illness

Question 35

Which are of the brain is for Perception of spoken language?

Answer 35

Primary auditory area

Question 36

Which area of the brain is for comprehension of language?

Answer 36

Wernicke's area

Question 37

Which area of the brain is for production and initiation of speech?

Answer 37

Brocca's area - connected to supplementary motor area

Question 38

What connects Broca's and Wernicke's area?

Answer 38

Arcuate fisciculus

Question 39

Which area of the brain is for perception of written language?

Answer 39

Visual cortex

Question 40

Which area of Wernicke's is the auditory version of a word stimulated?

Answer 40

Angular gyrus. Allows comprehension of auditory to then send the information to Brocca's

Question 41

How is aphasia tested for?

Answer 41

Test the function of fluency, paraphasia, comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, writing, prosody

Question 42

What is prosody?

Answer 42

Communication of emotion and feelings

Question 43

How does Broca's aphasia present?

Answer 43

Expressive / Non-fluent: Can UNDERSTAND language but not express it back as non-fluent speech. Can't think of the words needed to express as loss of initiation and production of speech

Question 44

How does Wernicke's aphasia present?

Answer 44

Receptive / Fluent: | Speech is fluent but MEANINGLESS. Problem with understanding self and others as loss of comprehension.

Question 45

How does written language differ in Broca's aphasia to Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 45

Broca's is disjointed and messy | Wernicke's is neat but makes no sense

Question 46

What is agraphia?

Answer 46

The loss of ability to write. If in absence of aphasia it is due to weakness or disorder of movement / visuospatail function

Question 47

What is micrographia?

Answer 47

Small writing e.g. PD, corticospinal lesion

Question 48

What is hypergraphia?

Answer 48

Extensive, compulsive writing e.g. schizophrenia, mental disorder, bilateral frontal injury

Question 49

What is alexia?

Answer 49

The acquired inability to read. It is a sensory/visual aphasia.

Question 50

What is used to treat aphasia?

Answer 50

Melodic intonation therapy as it doesn't use the injured part of the brain