Speech mech chapter 8 part 2

Question 1

Eating involves the following
criteria

Answer 1

Important for eating to be pleasant
*hint: Hunger will drive people to acquire
nutrition

Question 2

Food should be

Answer 2

palatable to be eaten in
sufficient amounts for good nutrition

Question 3

Stages of swallowing must be

Answer 3

supported by an adequate
neuroanatomical substrate

Question 4

gustation is also called

Answer 4

Critical component of chewing,
sucking, and swallowing (CSS)

Question 5

Taste receptors (buds or cells) found
in

Answer 5

papillae of tongue epithelium are
chemoreceptors for gustation
*hint : Transmit information to the brain about
taste

Question 6

Tastes can be sensed all over tongue. What Types of taste do you have ?

Answer 6

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
* Umami is meaty taste of monosodium glutamate

Question 7

Taste sense determines

Answer 7

whether a
bolus is ingested or ejected from
mouth

Question 8

taste is Mediated by the

Answer 8

VII facial, IX
glossopharyngeal, X vagus and V
trigeminal nerves

Question 9

Oral chemethesis

Answer 9

• Detecting chemical stimuli by oral
  thermal and pain receptors
  – Can sense bacterial invasion and
  trigger sneeze

Question 10

Oral Chemethesis Therapeutic use of carbonation or
citrus reduced

Answer 10

swallowing latency in
individuals with dysphagia although
the bolus was so strong to be
unpalatable

Question 11

Olfaction is the

Answer 11

sense of smell

Question 12

Olfaction plays vital role in

Answer 12

appetite and
taste

Question 13

Olfactory sensors have

Answer 13

a short life
and are continually replaced

Question 14

Olfaction arrives

Answer 14

at cerebral
cortex through multiple pathways
involving olfactory discrimination

Question 15

Pleasant food odors

Answer 15

produce
salivation

Question 16

Unpleasant food odors

Answer 16

produce
gagging or even vomiting

Question 17

Sense of touch mediated by many

Answer 17

mechanoreceptors (sensors)

Question 18

Sensors that are sensitive to physical contact. This is….

Answer 18

Broadly distributed about the body
*Differentiated by type of stimulus causing
response

Question 19

Glabrous (hairless) skin contains

Answer 19

Meissner’s corpules and Merkel disk receptors-
transmit movement and pressure

Question 20

Deep cutaneous skin contains:

Answer 20

Pacinian corpules and Ruffinni ending- respond to
deep pressure and stretch

Question 21

Vibration sense

Answer 21

Subclass of tactile sense
; Sensed by deformation of tactile
receptors

Question 22

Two point discrimination

Answer 22

Measuring sense of touch by
perceiving two probes as two versus
one stimulus

Question 23

Four classes of thermal receptors

Answer 23

Warm, hot, cool, and cold

Question 24

what do Pain sensors (Nociception)

Answer 24

• Produce perception of pain when
  traumatized
  – Important in development of structural
  disorders of swallowing
  – May respond to traumatic or thermal
  trauma

Question 25

Muscle stretch is sensed by

Answer 25

muscle spindle fibers – Found within the oral musculature * Mandibular elevators richly endowed with sensors

Question 26

Muscle tension is sensed by

Answer 26

Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) *hint : found within the tendons and fascia and Respond to active contraction of muscles

Question 27

salivation Result of

Answer 27

release of saliva into the oral cavity, motor response

Question 28

salivation is a component of

Answer 28

mastication and deglutition

Question 29

Product of three major glands

Answer 29

– Parotid gland secretes serous saliva – Submandibular gland produces thin serous secretions and mucus – Sublingual gland produces thick mucus

Question 30

Reflexive Circuits of Mastication and Deglutition

Answer 30

individual reflex circuits

Question 31

Processes dealing with eating and drinking

Answer 31

Chewing, rooting, and sucking reflexes * Uvular, gag, retch, and vomit reflexes * Cough reflex * Tongue base retraction and elevation * Pain and respiration reflexes

Question 32

chewing reflex is triggered by

Answer 32

deep pressure on roof of mouth

Question 33

chewing reflex is involves

Answer 33

rotary motion of mandible *hint: Bolus is moved into and off of the molars

Question 34

Chewing center located within midbrain

Answer 34

Center involved in reflexive movements of tongue for sucking and licking

Question 35

rooting and sucking reflexes are

Answer 35

Important for neonates and infants

Question 36

Rooting reflex

Answer 36

Tactile stimulation of cheek causes infant’s mouth to open

Question 37

Sucking reflex

Answer 37

Created by soft contact with inner margin of lips * Causes a sucking response

Question 38

Uvular (Palatal) Reflex

Answer 38

Mediated in manner similar to gag reflex

Question 39

Gag (pharyngeal) reflex

Answer 39

Helps individuals avoid aversive stimuli – Tactile stimulation of faucial pillars, posterior pharyngeal wall or posterior tongue

Question 40

Gag (pharyngeal) reflex can be

Answer 40

elicited by taste * Causes respiration to cease * Causes pharynx to elevate and constrict

Question 41

Retching

Answer 41

Involuntary attempt at vomiting – Caused by noxious smells, tastes, gastrointestinal distress, vestibular dysfunction, upsetting visual stimulation

Question 42

Vomiting (emesis)

Answer 42

Oral expulsion of gastrointestinal contents

Question 43

cough reflex is Initiated by

Answer 43

noxious stimuli of the pharynx, larynx, or bronchial passageway

Question 44

Cough Reflex Involves

Answer 44

laryngeal adduction and abdominal contraction – Increases subglottal pressure – Produces forceful exhalation

Question 45

Pain withdrawal reflex

Answer 45

Affects mastication and swallowing * Causes a natural withdrawal from noxious stimulus

Question 46

Oral and pharyngeal pain responses

Answer 46

Individual acts to remove excessively hot or spicy food by swallowing or expectoration

Question 47

Apneic reflex-

Answer 47

Stimulation of oral cavity, pharynx or larynx *hint: Cease respiration

Question 48

Respiratory reflex

Answer 48

– Under partial voluntary control – Respiratory centers located in lower medulla – When oxygen levels decline below criteria, respiration rate increases

Question 49

Causes of respiration

Answer 49

– Inadequate oxygenation in the blood – Increased carbon dioxide in the blood – Increased acidity

Question 50

Mastication and deglutition are governed by

Answer 50

unconscious, automatic sensorimotor system but can be consciously controlled

Question 51

what is Centrally generated processing (CPG)

Answer 51

– Two networks in medulla oblangata: * Dorsal swallowing group- generate swallow pattern * Ventral swallowing group- activate motor response