speech mechanism chapter 8 Flashcards by Maaliyah Livingston

Mastication

Chewing process - grinding and crushing food
Preparing food for swallowing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deglutition

Swallowing the food - complex process of
moving bolus (ball of food/ liquid) from
pharynx into esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mastication and
Deglutition process may involve the following:

-Orbicularis oris
– Intrinsic/extrinsic tongue muscles
– Velar elevators
– Pharyngeal constrictors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mastication and
Deglutition Invokes more than

55 pairs of muscles
along with cranial and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Feeding skills are both

preparatory
and supportive of the speech act

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument (IOPI)

Flexible ball that measures force - tongue or lips

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electromyography

Measures muscle function during swallowing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Multislice computer aided tomography

3 dimensional representation of structures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pharyngeal manometry

Pressure measure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Modified barium swallow study
(MBSS)

Videoradiographically record individual
ingesting barium of various textures -
anterior and lateral views
– Definitive test of oropharyngeal dysphagia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nasoendoscopy

Direct visualization of pharyngeal space

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fiberendoscopic evaluation of
swallow (FEES)

Detect aspiration and pharyngeal residue,
can visualize structures - see tumors
– Do not have radiology exposure or
consumption of barium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ultrasound

Observe movement during swallowing but
bone impedes visualization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

development of swallowing begins

before birth as early as 10 weeks ga

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nonnutritive sucking

15 weeks, suckling also stimulable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The newborn gains nutrition through

rooting reflex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rooting reflex

Infant responds to tactile stimulation of lips
or cheek
Infant turns toward stimulus and opens mouth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Suckling relfex allows

infant to receive food
from mother’s breast in first six months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

suckling is triggered by

contact to inner margin of lips causing piston- like tongue protrusion and retraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

suckling is replaced

by sucking more complex process causing negative pressure to draw liquid in

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the Velum of infant do?

“locks” into
space between epiglottis and
tongue this action seals off infants airway

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is bolus?

a ball of liquid that cannot enter the respiratory passageway

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

infants can…..

breathe while swallowing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how does the Infant’s Oral-Pharyngeal
Structures differ from adult structures

– Oral cavity is smaller
– Larynx elevated at birth
*Descends over the first four years
– Velum is relatively larger
– Hyoid elevated and relatively
forward
– No dentition in neonate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the stages of mastication and deglutition?

-oral preparatory stage -oral transport stage -pharyngeal stage -esophageal stage

Oral preparatory stage

(mastication)

Oral transport stage

(propulsion of bolus)

Pharyngeal stage

(pharyngeal swallow)

Esophageal stage

(esophageal transit)

centrally generated patterns are

mastication and tongue movements are largely reflexive

stages for Food prepared for swallowing

Food kept in mouth by sealing of lips * Food ground up by lingual muscles and muscles of mastication * Food mixed with saliva to form a bolus in preparation for swallowing * Sensory receptors in the oral cavity continually monitor the bolus

orbicularis oris

maintains oral seal

mentalis

elevates lower seal

buccinator

flattens cheeks

risouris

flattens cheeks

masseter

elevates mandible (V)

temporalis

elevates mandible; moves mandible grinds mandible laterally (V)

lateral pterygoid

protrudes and grind mandible (V)

facial muscles

orbicularis oris , mentalis, buccinator, and risouris (cn VII)

mandiblular muscles

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid (V)

tongue muscle (digastric)

elevates hyoid; depresses mandible (V,VII)

tongue muscle: geniohyoid

elevates hyoid; depresses mandible (XII)

mylohyoid : tongue muscle

elevates floor of mouth (V)

superior longitudinal : tongue muscle

elevates tip; deviates tip (XII)

tongue muscle; inferior longitudinal

depresses tip; deviates tip (XII)

genioglossus :tongue muscle

moves tongue body ; cups tongue (XII)

tongue muscle : styloglossus

elevates posterior tongue (XII)

tongue muscle: palatoglossus

elevates posterior tongue (IX, X, XI)

soft palate muscle : palatoglossus

depresses velum (IX, X, XI)

soft palate muscle: palatopharyngeus

depresses velum (X, XI)

When the bolus is ready to be swallowed

Bolus pushed back toward the oropharynx by the tongue in a front to back squeezing action Voluntary or involuntary

Muscles involved in oral stage

Mandibular muscles – Tongue muscles

vertical

cups and grooves tongue (XII)

Pharyngeal Stage is when

Complex sequence of reflexively controlled events

the pharyngeal stage begins

Begins when bolus reaches faucial pillars

Bolus propelled through

pharynx to relaxed esophageal sphincter which receives bolus

Central pattern generator circuits

Control mechanism for highly organized and involuntary movements

A tight seal is formed

to protect the airway

Food passes over epiglottis than

through the pyriform sinuses to the esophagus

Hyolaryngeal elevation

elevation of the larynx is a key player in relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter and protection of the airway

Pressurization of the pharynx

Driving force behind bolus propulsion into the esophagus

Airway protection

vocal folds tightly adduct at the initial stage of the swallow

Pharyngeal timing

contract about 300 ms (about 1/3 second) after the liquid bolus is introduced orally

Upper esophageal sphincter relaxation

during the swallow the UES relaxes and opens up as the larynx and hyoid move up and forward.

levator veli palatini

elevates soft palate (X, XI)

Tensor veli palatini

Dilates Eustachian Tube (V)

Musculus uvulae

Shortens soft palate (X, XI)

palatopharyngeus

constricts oropharynx to channel bolus (X, XI)

salphingopharyngeus

elevates pharynx (XI)

stylopharyngeus

raises larynx (IX)

cricopharyngeus

relaxes esophageal orifice (X, XI)

middle constrictor

narrows pharynx (X, XI)

Inferior constrictor

narrow pharynx (X, XI)

Laryngeal cricoarytenoid, transverse aryteniod, and oblique arytenoid

adduct vocal (X)

laryngeal muscle: Aryepiglotticus

retracts epiglottis; constricts aditus (X)

laryngeal muscle: thyoepiglotticus

dilates airway following swallow (X)

what happens in the Final stage of mastication and deglutition

-Purely reflexive and not within voluntary control – Swallowing involves peristaltic movement of the bolus through the esophagus – During swallow, respiration ceases for a second – Bolus of food enters the stomach

speech mechanism chapter 8 Flashcards

part 1 or first half of chapter 8