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Nature of Disorders of Speech, Voice, Fluency, and Swallowing > Speech Sound Disorders > Flashcards

Speech Sound Disorders Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

fronting

A

/k/ -> [t]

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2
Q

subtypes of phonological processes

A
  • systematic
  • assimilation
  • syllable structure
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3
Q

types of systematicsubstitution processes

A
  • backing
  • fronting
  • gliding
  • stopping
  • vowelization
  • affrication
  • deaffrication
  • alveolarization
  • depalatalization
  • labialization
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4
Q

types of assimilation

A
  • assimilation
  • denasalization
  • final consonant devoicing
  • prevocalic devoicing
  • coalescence
  • reduplication
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5
Q

types of syllable structure

A
  • cluster reduction
  • final consonant deletion
  • initial consonant deletion
  • weak syllable deletion
  • epenthesis
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6
Q

backing (definition and example)

A
  • when alveolar sounds (t, d) are substituted with velar sounds (k, g)
  • “dog” to “gog”
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7
Q

fronting (definition and example)

A
  • when velar sounds (k, g) are substituted for (t, d)
  • “cookie” to “tootie”
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8
Q

gliding (definition and example)

A
  • /r/ becomes /w/ and/or /l/ becomes /w, j/
  • “rabbit” to “wabbit”
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9
Q

stopping (definition and example)

A
  • when a fricative (f, s) or affricate (ch) is substituted for a stop (p, d)
  • “fan” to “pan”
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10
Q

vowelization (definition and example)

A
  • /l/ or /er/ are replaced with a vowel
  • “paper” to “papeh”
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11
Q

affrication (definition and example)

A
  • when a nonaffricate is replaced with an affricate (ch)
  • “door” to “choor”
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12
Q

deaffrication (definition and example)

A
  • when an affricate (ch) is replaced with a fricative or stop (sh, d)
  • “chips” to “ships”
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13
Q

alveolarization (definition and example)

A
  • when a nonalveolar sound is substituted with an alveolar one
  • “shoe” to “tu”
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14
Q

depalatalization (definition and example)

A
  • when a palatal sound is substituted with a nonpalatal sound
  • “fish” to “fit”
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15
Q

labialization (definition and example)

A
  • when a nonlabial sound is replaced with a labial sound
  • “tie” to “pie”
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16
Q

assimilation (definition and example)

A
  • when a consonant sound starts to sound like another sound in the word
  • “bus” to “bub”
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17
Q

denasalization (definition and example)

A
  • when a nasal consonant (m, n) changes to a nonnasal consonant (b, d)
  • “nose” to “dose”
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18
Q

final consonant devoicing (definition and example)

A
  • when a voiced consonant at the end of a word (b, d) is substituted with a voiceless consonant (p, t)
  • “komb” to “gomb”
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19
Q

coalescence (definition and example)

A
  • when two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme with similar features
  • “spoon” to “foon”
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20
Q

reduplication (definition and example)

A
  • when a complete or incomplete syllable is repeated
  • “bottle” to “baba”
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21
Q

cluster reduction (definition and example)

A
  • when a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant
  • “plane” to “pane”
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22
Q

final consonant deletion (definition and example)

A
  • when the final consonant in a word is left off
  • “toad” to “toe”
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23
Q

initial consonant deletion (definition and example)

A
  • when the initial consonant in a word is left off
  • “bunny” to “unny”
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24
Q

weak syllable deletion (definition and example)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • when the weak syllable in a word is deleted
  • “banana” to “nana”
25
epenthesis (definition and example)
- when a sound (usually a schwa) is added between two consonants - "blue" to "buh-lue"
26
3 constructs to describe children's speech acquisition
- early, middle, late-8 - percentage of consonants correct (PCC) - age of acquistion
27
early, middle, late-8 is based on ...
clustering in a rank-ordered sequence of percent correct consonants
28
early-8 consonants
/p, b, j, n, w, d, m, h/
29
middle-8 consonants
/t, η, k, g, f, v, t∫, dʒ/
30
late-8 consonants
/∫, s, θ, δ, r, z, ʒ, l/
31
are the early, middle, or late-8 consonants usually the problem ones?
early
32
how are percentage of consonants correct (PCC) calculated
divide the number of consonants produced correctly by the total number of consonants in a connected speech sample
33
developmental SSD commonly co-occurs with ?
- developmental language disorder (DLD) - reading or spelling disability - stuttering
34
what is the only assessment for SSD standardized for Irish children?
DEAP
35
atypical error patterns
- backing - affrication - initial consonant deletion - medial consonant deletion - intrusive consonants - denasalization - favored sound
36
medial consonant deletion (definition and example)
- deletion of glottalization of intervocalic consonants - "feather" to "feher"
37
favored sound (definition and example)
- replacement of groups of consonants by a favorite sound - all initial consonants marked by [d]
38
what causes SSD
- multi-factorial - risk factors (predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors)
39
predisposing factors for SSD
- sensory (hearing and vision problems) - neurological (motor planning and execution, structural) - cognitive/linguistic (stuttering, DLD, linguistic processing) - social (emotional, less sociable, less persistent, more reactice) - low SES/maternal education - structural (craniofacial abnormalities) - gender (male) - genetic (family history)
40
time frame to consider precipitating factors for SSD
6 months
41
precipitating factors for SSD
- hearing loss, ear infections - general health - environmental stressors - opportunities and reinforcement - trauma - sucking habits
42
does pacifier use affect development of speech
- majority of speech outcomes are not significantly associated - there is an association between increased atypical errors in younger children and greater frequency of daytime pacifier use - *frequency of daytime use seems relevant, not the duration or night-time use
43
perpetuating factors of SSD
- static background set (sensory, motor, cognitive, social) - potential advantage implicit - reinforcement from context - failure to initiate change
44
case history purpose
identification of risk factors (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating)
45
speech assessment purpose
identification of cause (input, representational, learning, motoric, structural, output)
46
SSD classification systems
1. stage of development 2. surface speech characteristics 3. aetiology/cause 4. underlying speech processing
47
Grunwell (1981) stages of development (pros and cons)
- pros: adequately shows relationship of child's pronunciation patterns to those used in adult pronunciations - cons: doesn't mention potential causes or risk factors
48
Shriberg et al. (2010) (pros and cons)
- pros: shows normal speech, speech delay, speech errors, and motor speech disorders - pros: shows risk factors that might come up in a case history - cons: no mention of certain ICF sections (activity, participation, etc.)
49
Stackhouse & Wells (1997) psycholinguistic model (pros and cons)
- pros: shows where breakdown might happen - pros: shows which properties are connected - cons: shows no risk factors or cause
50
Dodd (1995) subtype classification (pros and cons)
- pros: shows surface speech characteristics - pros: immediately informs therapy - cons: no risk factors or causes given
51
articulation disorder
- isolated errors in articulation - distorted errors on imitation and spontaneous speech
52
phonological delay
- phonological error patterns - patterns typical in normal development but at a later stage of development
53
consistent (atypical) phonological disorder
- predictable error patterns - patterns atypical in normal speech development - can co-occur with typical error patterns
54
inconsistent phonological disorder
- inconsistent production of words - better on imitation - extent of variability is crucial
55
childhood apraxia of speech/developmental verbal dyspraxia
- speech inconsistency - problems with phonetic planning, motor programming, imitation of novel words, prosody, groping - mild motor difficulties - frustration, impacts daily life
56
praxis definition
proprioception, motor co-ordination
57
how does praxis develop
a movement pattern is modified through sensory feedback so that it is effective
58
apraxia of speech causes
- neurological impairment - idiopathic
59

Nature of Disorders of Speech, Voice, Fluency, and Swallowing (6 decks)

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