spiers chapter 20

Question 1

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 1

Astronomer - said solar system was heliocentric not geocentric (didn’t publish work - feared the church)

Question 2

Tycho Brahe

Answer 2

studied movements of heavenly bodies

Question 3

Kepler

Answer 3

Used Brahe’s date and higher math to confirm Copernicus’s hypotheses
orbits were elliptical not circular
speed of orbit wasn’t constant
Wasn’t afraid of church because he was a protestant

Question 4

Galileo

Answer 4

Built telescope
discovered moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn
Believed world was heliocentric - the church didn’t agree
Published ideas and recanted after threatened by church
worked on physics in pendulum and inertia

Question 5

Bacon

Answer 5

developed the scientific method

Question 6

Scientific Method

Answer 6

observation, hypothesis, experiment, repeat experiment to be considered scientific law, conclusion

Question 7

Descartes

Answer 7

principles of analytical geometry
everything based on reason and logic
questioned everything except existence - “I think therefor I am”

Question 8

Newton

Answer 8

Credited scientist
developed calculus
explained gravity
first to work on optics - behavior of light
explained mechanics - F=MA
Tried to explain the world in one scientific theory
fought with Leibniz over who discovered calculus

Question 9

Leibniz

Answer 9

developed theory of monads basic work on Quantum Mechanics
contributions in many fields

Question 10

Galen

Answer 10

how the human body works - dissected dogs
was wrong in a lot of things
Ex: liver digested food into blood

Question 11

Vesalius

Answer 11

dissected human bodies
explained circulatory system

Question 12

Robert Hooke

Answer 12

Discovered cells

Question 13

Boyle

Answer 13

rejected ideas of alchemists

Question 14

Joseph Priestley

Answer 14

discovered oxygen and how to make carbonated drinks

Question 15

A Lavoisier

Answer 15

worked on combustion and physical chemistry

Question 16

M Lavoisier

Answer 16

assistant to husband
illustrated his books
translated books for him

Question 17

DuPont

Answer 17

Student of the Lavoisier
fled France to US founding the DuPont Company

Question 18

Charles II created

Answer 18

Royal Society in London

Question 19

Louis XIV started

Answer 19

French Academy of Science

Question 20

Hobbes

Answer 20

wrote Leviathan - people with no gov
violence were natural- order was needed
People need to give freedom and live obediently to ruler

Question 21

Social Contract

Answer 21

right to rule rested in people

Question 22

Locke

Answer 22

against divine right of kings
people have natural rights
people can overthrow if they are being mistreated

Question 23

Natural Law

Answer 23

rights belonging to all humans at birth, includes “Life, liberty, and property”

Question 24

based everything on natural law

Answer 24

applied reason and method to law and life

Question 25

Deism

Answer 25

God made perfect world and then let it run according to laws he made

Question 26

Philosophes

Answer 26

enlightenment thinkers who spread new ideas, believed in Locke and Newton, disapproved of religious opposition

Question 27

Madame Pompadour

Answer 27

This mistress to Louis XV and host of popular salon

Question 28

The Encyclopedia

Answer 28

contained all information - edited by Denis Diderot

Question 29

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 29

Wrote The Spirit of Laws separate powers of gov into branches influenced structure of american gov

Question 30

Voltaire

Answer 30

Deist used sarcasm to point out failings of world frequent visitor of Bastille Prison 2nd time was exiled to England :)

Question 31

Role of Women

Answer 31

Led Salons Ran homes

Question 32

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 32

advocated equal opportunity for education

Question 33

Enlightened Despots

Answer 33

rulers who were enlightened

Question 34

Fredrick the Great of Prussia

Answer 34

abolished torture, established schools, promoted agriculture and industry

Question 35

Catherine the Great

Answer 35

reformed law and gov

Question 36

Maria Theresa

Answer 36

freed serfs, setup schools

Question 37

Classicism

Answer 37

A return to the ideals of Greece and Rome in intellectual thought, art and architecture

Question 38

Jacques-Louis David

Answer 38

used primary colors to give strength of message to painting

Question 39

English authors

Answer 39

Dryden, Pope, Milton

Question 40

French authors

Answer 40

Moliere, Racine, Corneille

Question 41

composers violin and piano being perfected

Answer 41

Bach, Handel, Hayden, Mozart

Question 42

Rousseau

Answer 42

opposed excessive use of reason blamed for the idea of the picnic natural rights of man part of social contract but should be done for common good submit to will if majority idea of noble savage

Question 43

Noble Savage

Answer 43

natural state of man until corrupted by society

Question 44

Kant

Answer 44

reason can not explain god or faith believed in Metaphysics

Question 45

Metaphysics

Answer 45

there exists a physical reality and separate spiritual reality

Question 46

Moravian Brethren

Answer 46

- emotional and mystical side of christianity

Question 47

Methodism

Answer 47

England-Wesley-personal religious experience

Question 48

France religion

Answer 48

Catholic revival

Question 49

Hasidism

Answer 49

promoted mystical and religious zeal instead of ritual spread among jews